Exam 2 Flashcards
What does the lumbocostal arch contain?
Sympathetic Trunk & Major Splanchnic N.
What does the aortic hiatus contain?
Aorta, Azygos Vein, & Thoracic Duct
What does the esophageal hiatus contain?
Esophagus, Dorsal & Ventral Vagal Trunks
What does the caval foramen contain?
Caudal Vena Cava
What thoracic outlet contains the sympathetic trunk and major splanchnic nerve?
Lumbocostal Arch
What thoracic outlet contains the aorta, azygos vein, and the thoracic duct?
Aortic Hiatus
What thoracic outlet contains the esophagus, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks?
Esophageal Hiatus
What thoracic outlet contains the caudal vena cava?
Caval Foramen
Which ribs are the sternal or “true” rubs?
Ribs 1-9
Which ribs are the asternal or “false” ribs?
Ribs 10-13
What makes up the costal arch?
The united costal cartilages of ribs 10-12.
What rib(s) is/are the floating rib(s)?
Rib 13
What all is enclosed in the mediastinum?
Thymus, lymph nodes, heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, nerves and vessels, varying amounts of CT, and fat.
What is considered visceral pleura?
Pulmonary Pleura
What is considered parietal pleura?
Costal Pleura
Mediastinal Pleura
Diaphragmatic Pleura
What is pulmonary pleura considered?
Visceral Pleura
What is the costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic pleura considered?
Parietal Pleura
What are the 2 connecting pleuras?
Pulmonary Ligament
Plica Vena Cava
The pulmonary ligament and plica vena cava are what types of pleura?
Connecting Pleura
What are the boundaries of the line of pleural refletion?
Along the horizontal parts of the 8th & 9th costal cartilages, across the 10th & 11th ribs at the chostochondral junction, across the middle of the last rib, & cranially to the 12 intercostal space.
The pericardial sac or the “surgeon’s paricardium” is made up of what 3 layers?
Fibrous Pericardium
Parietal Serous Pericardium
Pericardial Mediastinal Pleura
Where is the cardiac notch located?
Low in the right 4th-5th intercostal space.
What artery provides the nutritional blood supply to the lungs and where does it come from?
Bronchoesophageal Artery
From the right 5th intercostal artery
What makes up the ausculatation triangle?
Caudal border of the triceps brachii m.
Lateral edge of epaxial muscles
Sternal end of 6th rib to 11th intercostal space
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
The potential space where the diaphragmatic and costal parietal pleura are in contact with one another.
What are the 2 exceptions to standard blood flow? (Flows through 2 capillary beds.)
Hepatic Portal System
Hypothalamico-hypophyseal Portal System
What are the 3 layers of the heart? (Outside to Inside)
Visceral Serous Pericardium (Epicardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium
Where is the location of the heart?
The 3rd to the 6th intercostal space.
What is the function of papillary muscles?
Prevent eversion of the A-V valves.
What is the order of the conduction system of the heart?
Sinoatrial Node
Atriventricular Node
Purkinje Fibers
Trabecula Septomarginalis
Where do the cardiac veins that drain the heart empty into?
Into the right atrium via the coronary sinus?
What is the function of pectinate muscles?
Strengthen the atrial wall in the right atrium. Confined to the auricle in the left atrium.
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
Circumflex
Paraconal Interventricular
Septal
What is S1?
Closure of AV valves.
What is S2?
Closure of semilunar valves?
What intercostal space would you listen to the pulmonary valve?
Low in the left 3rd.
What intercostal space would you listen to the aortic vavle?
High in the left 4th.
What intercostal space would you listen to the left A-V valve?
Low in the left 5th.
What intercostal space would you listen to the right A-V valve?
Low in the right 4th-5th.
What receives lymph from 3/4 of the body?
Thoracic Duct
Where does the thoracic duct empty?
Left Venous Angle
What receives lymph from the right half of the head and neck and the right thoracic limb and shoulder?
Right Lymphatic Duct
Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?
Right Venous Angle
What is the name of the structure that allows blood to pass through the liver in fetal circulation?
Ductus Venosus
What makes up the central nervous system?
Brain and Spinal Cord
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
What is the function of a primary afferent neurons?
Conduct a sensory impulse from the periphery into the CNS.
What is the function of a final efferent neuron?
Conduct a motor impulse from the CNS to an effector organ.
What is the function of an interneuron?
Excitatory or Inhibitory
Interposed between afferent and efferent neurons.
What is the direction of an afferent neuron?
Toward the CNS. Sensory.
What is the direction of an efferent neuron?
Away from the CNS. Motor.
What classification of peripheral neurons supply skeletal muscles of the body?
General Somatic Effect
What classification of peripheral neurons supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?
General Visceral Efferent
What classification of peripheral neurons carry sensory information from the somatic body systems?
General Somatic Afferent
What classification of peripheral neurons carry sensory information from the visceral body systems?
General Visceral Afferent
What classification of peripheral neurons carry visual and auditory information?
Special Somatic Afferent
What classification of peripheral neurons carry taste and smell sensations?
Special Visceral Afferent
What part of the gray horn do GSAs go to?
Dorsal Horn
What part of the gray horn do GVEs leave from?
Lateral Horn
What part of the gray horn do GSEs leave from?
Ventral Horn
What muscles do spinal nerve dorsal branches go to?
Epaxial
What muscles do spinal nerve ventral branches go to?
Hypaxial
What vertebrae are part of the sympathetic nervous system?
T1-L4
What are the two connecting veins of the thoracic limb?
Median Cubital Vein
Axillobrachial Vein
What parts of the body drain to the superficial cervical lymph node?
Thoracic limb, head, and neck
Where does the superficial cervical lymph node drain to?
Thoracic duct on the left side and right tracheal trunk on the right.
External jugular vein.
What parts of the body drain to the axillary lymph node?
First 3 mammary glands, shoulder and arm, bones, thoracic joints, muscles of the thoracic limb.
Where does the axillary lymph node drain to?
External Jugular Vein
What parts of the body drain to the accessory axillary lymph node?
First 3 mammary glands, skin of thoracic wall, shoulder, arm, and elbow.
Where does the accessory axillary lymph node drain to?
Axillary Lymph Node
What nerves form the brachial plexus?
C6, C7, C8, T1, T2
What muscles does the cranial pectoral nerve innervate?
Superficial pectoral muscles
What muscles does the caudal pectoral nerve innervate?
Deep pectoral muscle
What muscles does the long thoracic nerve innervate?
Serratus ventralis muscle
What muscles does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
Latissimus dorsi muscle
What muscles does the lateral thoracic nerve innervate?
Cutaneus trunci muscle
What muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
Supraspinatus muscle
Infraspinatus muscle
What muscles does the subscapular nerve innervate?
Subscapularis muscle
What muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
Flexor muscles of the cubital joint
Biceps brachii muscle
Brachialis muscle
What muscles does the axillary nerve innervate?
Flexor muscles of the humeral joint
Teres major muscle
Teres minor muscle
Deltoideus muscle
What muscles does the superficial branch of the radial nerve innervate?
Skin only
What muscles does the deep branch of the radial nerve innervate?
Triceps brachii muscle Tensor fascia antebrachii muscle Anconeus muscle Ulnaris lateralis muscle Extensor carpi radialis muscle Common digital extensor muscle Lateral digital extensor muscle
If the radial nerve is injured proximal to the tricipital branches, where will paralysis occur?
Paralysis of the extensor muscles of the elbow, carpus, and digit. Foot is dragged on the ground.
If the radial nerve is injured distal to the tricipital branches, where will paralysis occur?
Paralysis of the extensor muscles of the carpus and digit. Affected animal knuckles over.
What muscles does the median nerve innervate?
Flexor carpi radialis muscle Superficial digital flexor muscle Deep digital flexor muscle Pronator teres muscle Pronator quadratus muscle
What muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Deep digitial flexor muscle
Interosseous muscles
If a dog is in right lateral recumbency, what is the radiographic view?
Right Lateral
What shape does the cardiac silhouette have in right lateral view?
Egg Shaped
With a lateral projection, what part of the clock is the left atrium?
12:00 - 2:00
With a lateral projection, what part of the clock is the left ventricle?
2:00 - 5:00
With a lateral projection, what part of the clock is the right ventricle?
5:00 - 9:00
With a lateral projection what part of the clock is the pain pulmonary artery, right auricle, and aortic arch?
9:00 - 11:00
With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the aortic arch?
11:00 - 1:00
With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the main pulmonary artery?
1:00 - 2:00
With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the left auricle?
2:00 - 3:00
With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the left ventricle?
3:00 - 5:00
With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the right ventricle?
5:00 - 9:00
With a VD/DV view, what part of the clock is the right atrium?
9:00 - 11:00
With a VD/DV view, what part of the heart can you not see well?
Left Atrium
