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Vet 401 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphological cellular adaptations to injury (reversible)

A 
Metaplasia
Intracellular accumulations
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
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2
Q

Mechanisms of atrophy

A

Ubiquitin- Proteasome : ubiquitin tags protein to be chopped up.
Autophagy: Autophagosome eats organelles

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3
Q

Sweeny

A

Atrophy of shoulder muscle due to nerve damage that supplies the shoulder/scapula

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

individual cells enlarging which causes the overall tissue to enlarge

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5
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells

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6
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change in the phenotype of a cell. Ex: cell shape round to square
Reprogramming of stem cell

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7
Q

Fatty Change

A

Accumulation of Triglycerides, ex fatty liver which is reversible,
not a normal function of hepatocytes

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8
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

local deposition of calcium in injured /dying/dead tissue and cells

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9
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

Systemic deposition of calcium in connective tissue and basement membrane where there is an excess of calcium and phosphate (hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia)
Ex.: kidney disease, vit D toxicosis
mineralization of cells

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10
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and elastin

secreted by fibroblast

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11
Q

loose (areolar) connective tissue

A

supports epithelia, organs and the gut (mucosa)

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12
Q

Dense irregular

A

Made mostly of fibers than cells, collagen 1 and proteoglycans, random arrangement, forms capsules around organs

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13
Q

Dense regular

A

collagen bundles and elastin
Tendon: muscle to bone
Ligament: bone to bone

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14
Q

Collagen Type 1

A

major fibrillar collagen provides strength

bone, skin, ligament, tendon

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15
Q

Collagen Type 2

A

cartilage collagen, smaller than type 1

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16
Q

Collagen type 3

A

Reticular fibers, supportive frame work

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17
Q

Collagen Type 4

A

major collagen in basal lamina, basket-like formation

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18
Q

Osteoblast

A

bone cell

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19
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Cartilage cell

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20
Q

myocyte

A

Muscle cell

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21
Q

Adipocyte

A

Fat cell

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22
Q

Big 6

A

Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, Actinomysin ATPase, Protein Turnover, Gluconeogenesis, Urea Synthesis

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23
Q

Eccymosis

A

hemorrhage greater than a centimeter

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24
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood

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25
Q

Hematuria

A

blood in urine

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26
Q

Hematochezia

A

fresh blood in feces

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27
Q

Melena

A

black tarry blood in feces

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28
Q

Epistaxis

A

blood coming from the nose

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29
Q

Blood clot

A

A semi-solidfied mass (coagulum) of blood formed outside the cardiovascular system

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30
Q

Hematoma

A

localized collection of blood, usually clotted in a tissue

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31
Q

petechia

A

pinpoint hemorrhages

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32
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping of hemorrhage (hemostatic plug)

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33
Q

Thrombosis

A

Solid mass from blood components that is persistent within the cardiovascular system of a living animal which partially/completely obstructs blood flow

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34
Q

Pale thrombi

A

Arterial thrombi

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35
Q

Red thrombi

A

Venous thrombi, gelatinous, wet looking

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36
Q

Thrombus

A

Composed mainly of fibrin, platelets, entrapped blood cells, contains lines of zahn

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37
Q

Vegetative valvular endocarditis

A

thrombus in the heart due to bacterial infection

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38
Q

Resolution of thrombus

A

Lysis of thrombus

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39
Q

Embolization

A

chunks of the thrombus break off

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40
Q

Organization

A

Scar down, blood vessels develop inside, healing response

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41
Q

Occlusion

A

blocks the blood vessel

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42
Q

Recanalization

A

blood vessels develop,blood can partially flow through the system

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43
Q

Ischemia

A

reduced blood flow

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44
Q

Infarcts

A

necrosis resulting from arterial or venous occlusion (not only from thrombus, includes bone or fat)

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45
Q

White infarct

A

arterial occlusion

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46
Q

Red infarct

A

Venous occlusion

and arterial occlusion where there is tissues with collateral circulation

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47
Q

Rubor

A

Redness, vasodilation, prostaglandin, nitric oxide

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48
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling, vascular permeability, histamine, serotonin, Bradykinin, Leukotrienes etc

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49
Q

Calor

A

Heat, vasodilation and fever, PGE2, Cytokines : IL-1,6, TNF

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50
Q

Dolor

A

Pain, mediators stimulate nerve endings, Bradykinin PGE

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51
Q

Major basic protein

A

toxic to parasites, stimulates mast cell secretion, and release of lysosomal enzymes and superoxide from neutrophils, activates platelets

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52
Q

Muscle Types

A

Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac

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53
Q

Myofibril

A

Contractile element of a muscle fiber, makes up a bulk of the cytoplasm

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54
Q

Muscle fiber

A

large multinucleated cell located peripherally

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55
Q

sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of the muscle cell

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56
Q

endomysium

A

envelopes each single muscle cell

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57
Q

perimysium

A

Surrounds each fascicle

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58
Q

Fascicle

A

several muscle fibers

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59
Q

epimysium

A

Surrounds the entire muscle formed by groups of fascicles

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60
Q

Dark Bands

A

Myosin Filaments, bisected by M line, do not change in size

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61
Q

Light Bands

A

Portion of the actin filament where it does not overlap from the myosin filament. Decreases in size during contraction. Bisected by the Z disc

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62
Q

Sarcomere

A

Length of Z disk to Z disk

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63
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain, Spinal cord, Neural parts of eye

Composed of Neurons and Glia

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64
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Peripheral ganglia, Nerves, Nerve endings

Composed of Satellite cells, Schwann cells and neurons

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65
Q

Satellite cell

A

multipotent cell, role in muscle regeneration after injury

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66
Q

Skeletal

A

multinucleate, peripheral nuclei, striated, triads, t-tubule

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67
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Single central nucleus, striated, intercalated disk, diads, branched cylinders, t-tubules

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68
Q

Desmosomes

A

intermediate filaments which mechanically link cardiac muscle cells

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69
Q

Gap Junction

A

Intercellular channels which allow communication of signalling molecules directly between adjacent cells, communicate action potentials

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70
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

pacemaker cells, generate action potentials

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71
Q

Purkunje fibers

A

impulse conducting fibers, modified cardiac myofibers, looks like cotton candy

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72
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Spindle shaped, one central nucleus, arranged in single or multiple layers found in walls of the gut, blood vessels etc., contains caveolae (similar to t-tubule), dense bodies, no striationsneurons make multiple points of contact

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73
Q

Dense Bodies

A

structure associated with cytoplasmic and plasma membrane where actin and intermediate filaments insert

74
Q

T-Tubule

A

System in cardiac and skeletal muscle which transmits depolarization signals to SR

75
Q

Tunica Intima

A

Endothelium, Subendothelial layer, internal elastic lamina

76
Q

Tunica Media

A

Smooth muscle which produces elastin, reticular, and collagen fibers, external elastic lamina

77
Q

Tunica Adventitia

A

Loose connective tissue, blood vessels (vaso vasorum), lymphatics, and nerves (Nervi Vasorum)

78
Q

Elastic/ Conducting Arteries

A

Largest arteris (ex: aorta), contains lots of elastic fibers and collagen in addition to smooth muscle, fenestrae (window capillaries)

79
Q

Arterioles

A

Similar structure to arteries but have less than 4 layers of smooth muscle, thin/ no tunica adventitia, and an endothelial lining

80
Q

Capillaries

A

Single cell to passes through,, sometimes endothelial cell nucleus’s are not visible

81
Q

Capillary bed

A

exchange of gases and solutes between blood and tissue

82
Q

arteriovenous shunt

A

Allows blood to bypass the capillary bed

83
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Regulate the blood flow across the capillary bed by controlling constriction of the capillary, made of smooth muscle

84
Q

Arterial portal system

A

Afferent arteriol -> Capillary network -> Efferent arteriole -> Capillary (vasa recta- surrounds the nephrons) -> Venule, occurs in the kidney

85
Q

Venous Portal system

A

Arteriole -> Capillary -> Vein -> Capillary/Sinusoid (surounds hepatocytes) -> vein, occurs in the liver

86
Q

Continuous capillary

A

Endothelial cells have a continuous cytoplasm using transcytosis (transport vesicles) to move things around

87
Q

Fenestrated Capillary

A

Continuous basal lamina, transport via gradient through filtration

88
Q

Discontinuous Capillary

A

Contains gaps which cells can fit through , discontinuous basal lamina, allows large molecules to pass through

89
Q

Vein contraction

A

Contain very little smooth muscle so they use valves formed by the tunica intima to control blood flow and prevent back flow

90
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Filled with lymph and proteins that stain pink, irregular outline, spaced endothelial cell

91
Q

Roles of the endothelial cell

A

Modulates smooth muscle activity, control vascular cell growth, trigger blod coagualtion, and regulate traffic of inflammatory cells

92
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Endothelial cells undergo mitosis and a blood vessel from a preexisting vessel

93
Q

Functions of the gut mucosa

A

Absorptive and Barrier function

94
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelium, lamina propria (contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, loose connective tissue and immune cells) and muscularis mucosa.

95
Q

Submucosa

A

loose connective tissue, nerve plexus, larger blood vessels, submucosal glands

96
Q

Circular muscle

A

inner muscle layer. O

97
Q

Longitudinal Muscle

A

Outer muscle layer . =

98
Q

lamina propria

A

Lies beneath the layer of epithelium, made of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular con. tissue, acts as a mucous membrane

99
Q

mucosal Glands

A

Crypts, invagination of epithelial layer, ex: stomach, SI and colon

100
Q

Crypt

A

Glands

101
Q

Villus

A

Folded epithelium which form projections into the lumen of the gut to increase surface area

102
Q

Enterocytes

A

absorb and secrete

103
Q

Goblet cells

A

create mucin

104
Q

Endocrine cells

A

specialized chemo-sensing cells that secrete peptide hromones

105
Q

Paneth cells

A

Secrete antimicrobial peptides

106
Q

Mucin

A

Produced by epithelial tissue, heavily glycosylated proteins, act as a fed to gut bacteria, provides lubrication

107
Q

Transcellular

A

transporting through the cell from lumen to lamina propria, Enterocytes have multiple ways of transporting macromolecules through

108
Q

Paracellular

A

Apical (tight) junction pathways complexes,principle determinant of permeability

109
Q

Epithelial barrier

A

Barrier between the inside and outside world, the gut is the largest mucosal surface, adaptable and regulated by external stimuli, nutrients, pathogens, etc.

110
Q

Crypt-villus axis

A

Stem cells (located at the bottom of the cryptdifferentiate as they move up into the villi), Paneth cells, putative stem cells, Progenitor cells, goblets, enterocytes, entero-endocrine cells

111
Q

Layers of the Gut

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Tunica muscularis, Serosa

112
Q

Types of Glands

A

Accessory glands (exocrine), Submucosal gland (tubuloacinar structures with main part of gland in the submucosaand duct leading to gut lumen), and mucosal glands

113
Q

Inflammation

A

Vascular and Cellular response to injury, physiological process/response to tissue injury

114
Q

Edema

A

Leakage of fluid into the vascular space

115
Q

Effusion

A

Leakage of fluid into an empty space

116
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

days to years, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells,collagen and fibrosis, vascular shunting, neovascularization, tissue remodeling

117
Q

Acute inflammation

A

minutes to 48 hours, neutrophils, edema, fibrin, permeability, vasodilation

118
Q

Systemic effects of inflammation

A

Fever, inflammatory cells,changes in nervous system, blood flow, oxygen saturation, acute phase proteins (fibrin, cytokines) etc…

119
Q

Hyperemia

A

Active, increase in blood flow, erythema reddening of tissue due to engorgement of blood

120
Q

Congestion

A

Passive, Slowing of blood flow

121
Q

Local Mediators

A

Produced locally and act over short distances, tightly regulated, short lived, control inflammation, tissue damage, immune responses, differentiation, proliferation

122
Q

Cell derived mediators

A

Produced at the site of inflammation

123
Q

Plasma protein derived mediators

A

Circulating inactive precursors and activated at sites of inflammation

124
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Lipid mediators, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Prostacyclins, cause vasodilation, vasoconstriction, permeability, generate heat, derived from arachidonic acid

125
Q

Two pathways of arachidonic acid

A

Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase

126
Q

Cyclooxygenase

A

Generate vasodilation, increased vascular permeability (PGD), also causes vasoconstriction (Thromboxane)

127
Q

5-Lipoxygenase

A

Bronchospasm increased vascular permeability (Leukotriene), inhibit neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis (Lipoxin)

128
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

platelet aggregation, inflammation, anaphylaxis

129
Q

Vasoactive amines

A

Histamine and serotonin, preformed, vasodilation, contraction of smooth muscle, produced from mast cells, platelets, and basophils

130
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Free radical, cause injury to pathogen but also causes tissue damage, vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation

131
Q

Kinins

A

Derived from Factor 12 Hageman factor, during injury it activvates kallikrein wich affects the liver

132
Q

Bradykinin

A

pain erlated pathways, feedback pathway which liberates arachidonic acid to increase inflammatory response

133
Q

Complement

A

C3b is formed from C3a and is important in destruction of microbes by leukocytes, phagocytosis, and lysis of microbe

134
Q

Cytokines

A

Released by cells of immune system, play a critical role in inflammatory process, secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells

135
Q

Growth factors

A

Regulate cellular differentiation and proliferation via paracrine and autocrine mechaisms, important in tissue repair and regeneration

136
Q

Tissue damage caused by which cells

A

Neutrophil, macrophage, lysosomal enzymes, nitric oxide

137
Q

Increase in permeability due to

A

Endothelial contraction, direct injury, Leukocyte dependent injury, transcytosis, new blood vessel formation

138
Q

Inflammatory cells found in the tissue

A

Mast cells, Fibroblast, and macrophages

139
Q

Inflammatory cells, found in circulation

A

Monocyte, Eosinophils, Basophils, platelets, leukocyte

140
Q

Mast Cells

A

Located in tissue, mature when activated by c-kit/KIT, releases histamines, proteases, proteoglycans, cytokines and eicosanoids

141
Q

Mast cell actions

A

induces smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation of small blood vessels, increase vascular permeability etc.

142
Q

Eosinophils

A

Derived from bone marrow, circulate the bloodstream for 5-24 hrs, under tight control, contain receptors (IgE, IgG, IgA)

143
Q

Platelets as inflammatory cells

A

phagocytic (bind to things in circulation), have granules, interact with and kill pathogens,contain lots of receptors

144
Q

Neutrophils

A

Recognition (P- and E- selectin), margination (pavementing/sticking), emigration, chemotaxis and kill bacteria (phagocytosis), myeloperoxidase

145
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of a microbe or particulate material into a vacuole, Recognition, ingestion, Degradation

146
Q

Macrophage

A

Resident of tissue, Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, Mediate systemic effects

147
Q

Classification of Chronic inflammation

A

Granulomas (focal accumulation of macrophages, granulomatous (diffuse), Lymphocytic, chronic neutrophils

148
Q

Classification of Lesions

A

Distribution, Duration, exudate, organ involved,

149
Q

Pneumonia

A

lung infection, cranioventral

150
Q

Severity

A

Marked, severe, moderate, mild, minimal

151
Q

Distribution

A

Diffuse, Focal Multifocal, Coalescing, etc. clues to pathogenesis

152
Q

Diffuse

A

All or most of an organ is uniformly involved

153
Q

Focal

A

one discrete inflamed area

154
Q

Multifocal

A

Multiple discrete inflamed areas

155
Q

Locally extensive

A

one lesion that involves a significant portion but not all of the organ

156
Q

Coalescing

A

regions of different regions growing together

157
Q

Masses are

A

Hyperplasia, Neoplasia, or inflammation

158
Q

Peracute

A

rapid onset

159
Q

Subacute

A

Prior to obvious indicators of chronicity

160
Q

Exudate

A

Serous, Supprative, purulent, mucopurulent, fibrinous, contains neutrophils

161
Q

Catarrhal, Mucopurulant

A

Located on mucosal surfaces, Entrap bacteria, exudates contain enzymes, antibodies, stimulate cilia movement

162
Q

Necrotic, Necrotizing, Ulcerative

A

Severe injury, pale and weak tissue, dead tissue removed (ulcer)

163
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

Axon located on either side of the neuron, Sensory structure

164
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

Single axon divides a short distance from the cell body. Peripheral branch carries information from the periphery. Central branch ends in the spinal cord.

165
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Many dendrities and a single long axon emerge from the cell body. Pyramidal cell and purkunje cell

166
Q

Myelin

A

produced by schwann cells, lipid rich fluid, wraps around axon

167
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Space between the myelin sheath

168
Q

Axonal transport

A

Golgi vesicles bind to kinesin to transport down the axon, released at the neurotransmitter. The vesicle is recycled by binding to dynein

169
Q

Glial cells

A

Support cells of the CNS: Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, PNS: Schwann cells

170
Q

Blood Barrier

A

Astrocytes wrap around capillaries to form the blood brain barrier

171
Q

Astrocytes

A

maintain the blood brain barrier, have a close association with the pia mater (inner protection of the brain)

172
Q

Myelination

A

The wrapping around an axon, CNS - oligodendrocytes, PNS - Schwann cells

173
Q

CSF, Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Clear, colorless fluid, CNS- protection, nourishment, produced by the choroid plexus, circulated in the subarachnoid space, absorbed in the venous sinuses, arachnoid villi

174
Q

Meninges

A

Protection of the brain, Dura - outer most layer adjacent to the skull, Pia - very thin layer of connective tissue which lays on the outer surfaceof the brain, Arachnoid - prevents CSF from coming into contact with extracellular space

175
Q

Epineurium

A

Encloses the entire cell

176
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Sensory ganglion are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, neurons tend to be clustered and are pseudounipolar

177
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

A

recieves axon from presynaptic cell whose neurons are within the CNS, small, multipolar, unmyelinated axons

178
Q

Ependymal epithelium

A

cuboidal cell linked by desmosomes, contain apical microvilli and cillia and abundant mitochondria

179
Q

Tanycytes

A

Specialized enedymal cells found in the therd ventricle, linked by tight junctions

180
Q

Perineurium

A

Encloses each fasicle and consists of concentric layers of connective tissue

181
Q

Endoneurium

A

Surrounds individual nerve fibers

182
Q

endoneurial capillaries

A

endothelial cells linked by tight junctions to contribute to the blood brain barrier

Vet 401 (2 decks)

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