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CNS > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers that protect the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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2
Q

what is different about the dura mater in the brain verses the spinal cord?

A

dura in brain 2 layers

spinal cord only one

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3
Q

in the cranial dura which layer is vascularized

A

periostial

meningeal layer is not

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4
Q

there is a potential for space in the meninges what is it called

A

sinus

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5
Q

what innervates the cranial dura

A

trigeminal (CN5) and craches from C1-3

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6
Q

what do the sinuses carry

A

deoxygenated blood and spinal fluid

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7
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure

A

falx cerebri

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8
Q

does the dural layer dive into the falx cerebri

A

yes

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9
Q

what is the space between the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

tentorum cerebri

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10
Q

what separates the two halves of the cerebellum

A

falx cerebelli

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11
Q

what is the potential space between the arachnoid and dura

A

sub dural space

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12
Q

what suspends the brain

A

trabeculae of the arachnoid mater

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13
Q

what are the small pouches of arachnoid

A

cistern

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14
Q

what are the cistern filled with

A

CSF

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15
Q

what is the space between arachnoid and pia

A

sub arachnoid

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16
Q

where is the largest cistern located?

A

lumbar spine

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17
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with

A

CSF

blood vessels

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18
Q

what are the out pouchings smaller than cistern

A

arachnoid granulations

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19
Q

what is the job of arachnoid granulation

A

remove CSF from sub arachnoid space

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20
Q

where are the granulations located

A

near/againt sinus

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21
Q

why are granulations located near sinuses

A

create a pressure gradient to remove CSF

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22
Q

what layer is tight/continious to the brain

A

pia mater

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23
Q

what layer does the spinal dura have

A

meningial

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24
Q

what separates the dura from the vertebral periostium

A

epidural fat pad

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25
Q

what surrounds the spinal cord

A

dural sac

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26
Q

what covers the extensions of the nerve roots

A

dural sleeve

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27
Q

what forms the coccygeal ligament

A

filum terminalae

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28
Q

in the spinal cord what is the lateral extension of the pia mater

A

dentate ligaments

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29
Q

what suspend the spinal cord

A

trabechulae from arachnoid

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30
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

2nd lumbar vert

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31
Q

space between end of SC and dural sac end is

A

lumbar cistern (L2-S2)

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32
Q

what level do they sample CSF from

A

L4-5

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33
Q

what is the extension of pia off the base of the SC

A

filum terminalae interna

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34
Q

is it fully enclosed by the dural sac

A

yes

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35
Q

what is the extension of the meninges that is both pia and dura

A

filum terminalae externa

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36
Q

dentate ligament pierces through what to attach to dura

A

arachnoid

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37
Q

how are dural sinuses controled

A

pressure gradient

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38
Q

what carry blood from the scalp to the sinus

A

emissary veins

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39
Q

where is a potential entrance point from microbes

A

scalp injury meningitis

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40
Q

where is the only place for the sinuses to drain

A

interanl jugular

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41
Q

what sinuses make up the anterior inferior sinuses

A

cavernous (where pituitary glad lies in sella turcia)
sphenoparietal
sup/inf patrosal
basilar plexus

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42
Q

what does the basilar plexus lie on

A

clivus

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43
Q

what sinuses make up the posterior superior sinuses

A 
sup/inf sagittal
straight
transverse
sigmoid
confluence
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44
Q

what two sinuses are continuous and have no definite differentiation

A

transverse and sigmoid

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45
Q

where does the sigmoid sinus drain?

A

internal jugular

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46
Q

what sinuses meet at the confluence

A

transverse, straigh, sup sagittal, occipital

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47
Q

what does the confluence do

A

creates Whirlpool to help suck CSF up from occipital sinus (vs gravity)

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48
Q

where is CSF formed

A

choroid plexus

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49
Q

what types of tissue make up the choroid plexus

A

ependymal cells and capillaries

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50
Q

how fast is CSF created

A

14-35 mL/hr

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51
Q

how much fluid is removed in a day

A

800mL/day

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52
Q

how much CSF fluid is removed at any given moment

A

150mL

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53
Q

what components is CSF high in

A

Na, K, Cl ion

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54
Q

what is CSF important for

A

neuron fxn
cushioning
waste removal

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55
Q

what is CSF low in

A

protein

lymphocytes

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56
Q

what are the ventricles

A

2 lateral
3rd
4th
space with in the brain CSF flows

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57
Q

what is the anterior most part? where?

A

anterior horn in Frontal lobe

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58
Q

where is the body on the anterior horn

A

parietal lobe

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59
Q

where is the posterior horn

A

occipital lobe

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60
Q

where is the inferior horn

A

temporal lobe

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61
Q

what connects the lateral and 3rd ventricles

A

inter-ventricular foramen

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62
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

cerebral aquaduct

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63
Q

there are how many holes in the 4th ventricle? what are they

A

3
2 lateral apertures
1 median aperture

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64
Q

how much of the bodies weight is the brain

A

2%

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65
Q

which gender has a larger brain

A

males

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66
Q

how much oxygen use does the brain have and why

A

20%

it directs the use

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67
Q

how much times can the brain go without oxygen before cells begin to die

A

30s

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68
Q

how much cardiac output does the brain get

A

17%

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69
Q

what are the two ways into the brain

A

internal carotid artery

vertebral artery

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70
Q

what are the major arteries in the brain

A

anterior cerebral
middle cerebral (flows laterally)
posterior cerebral

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71
Q

which artery is the only major vessel to receive blood from both internal carotid and vertebral arteries

A

posterior cerebral

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72
Q

which major arteries are supplied solely by the internal carotid

A

ant and middle cerebral arteries

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73
Q

which artery extends anteriorly/ superiorly off the internal carotid

A

anterior cerebral

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74
Q

which artery supplies most of the medial cerebrum

A

anterior cerebral

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75
Q

which artery receives 80% of internal carotid artery

A

middle cerebral

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76
Q

which artery has large diameter and less resistance

A

middle cerebral

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77
Q

which artery extends laterally from the internal carotid and exits through the lateral fissure

A

middle cerebral

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78
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery split to form

A

superior division= frontal/parietal

inferior division= parietal, temporal, some small amt of occipital

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79
Q

what arteries branch off the middle cerebral are the common location for strokes

A

lateral striate arteries

80
Q

what arteries are the location for cross motor fibers in the pyramidal tract

A

lateral striate arteries

81
Q

what direction does the posterior cerebral artery run

A

posterior and superior

82
Q

where does post cerebral A get most of its blood

A

vertebral A (75%)

83
Q

what are the branches of the vertebral A

A 
post inf cerebellar A
ant spinal A
post spinal A
ant inf cerebellar A
pontine
post cerebral
84
Q

what part of the brain does the post inf cerebellar A supply

A

lateral medulla

85
Q

what part of the brain does the ant spinal A supply

A

ventral/medial aspect of medulla

86
Q

what part of the brain does the post spinal A supply

A

dorsal/medial medulla

87
Q

what part of the brain does the ant/inf cerebellar A supply

A

lateral PONS

internal acoustic A (labyrinthine)

88
Q

what part of the brain does the Pontine A supply

A

PONS

89
Q

what part of the brain does the post cerebral A supply

A

mid brain and forebrain

90
Q

what is the deep venous drainage of the brain

A

Great vein of Gaelien

91
Q

blood flow regulation is

A

controlled by the brain
uses different receptors than the body
is autoregulated

92
Q

what are the two main receptors in the brain

A

H ion concentration receptor

pressure recetor

93
Q

where is the H ion concentration receptor

A

outside the blood brain barries
OVLT (organum vasculosa lamina terminalis)
in hypothalamus

94
Q

what type of receptor is the H ion concentration receptor

A

chemo

95
Q

where are the pressure receptors located

A

interlaminar

along the blood vessels

96
Q

what is a sensory unit

A

sensory neuron and all of its endings

97
Q

what is a receptive field

A

area where sensory unit is excited
a single neuron
generally small

98
Q

how do you make a receptive field more sensitive

A

make it smaller with more neurons

99
Q

how do you make a receptive field less sensitive

A

make it larger spreading out neurons

100
Q

what is a dermatome

A

many neurons all innervated by a long nerve

101
Q

what is transduction

A

change stimulation into and electrical signal

102
Q

how many types of receptor are there

A

rapidly adapting and slow

103
Q

what has a quick response to a stimulus to the greatest extent.
The sensation eventually stops even though the stimulation is still present
and is considered phasic (on/off)

A

rapidly adapting

104
Q

what receptor has sensation as long as the stimulation is present
not as strong a response
and the neuron behavior is considered tonic or continious

A

slow adapting

105
Q

responds to stim from outside the body

A

exteroreceptor

106
Q

responds to stim within the body

A

interoreceptor

107
Q

responds to change in body position

A

proprioceptor

108
Q

what receptor responds to pain

A

nocieptor

109
Q

what receptor responds to change in temp

A

thermo

110
Q

what receptor responds to physical change, stretch, contraction, twist,

A

mechano

111
Q

what are the two groupings of skin receptors

A

free Nerve ending and encapsulated

112
Q

superfical receptors
no capsule
pain/change in temp

A

free N ending

113
Q

what kind of receptor is wrapped around a hair follicle

rapid adapter

A

follicular

114
Q 
modified epithelial
light touch
closer to the base layer of epidermis
specialized ending
pressure sensitive
slow adapt
A

merkel cell

115
Q

when epidermal cells get pressed a transmitter is released and synapese with the disc

A

merkel cell

116
Q

layers of connective tissue protect the end

A

encapsulated

117
Q 
dermis
papilla
project toward surface within the dermis
rapid adapt
light touch
A

miessners corpuscle

118
Q

slightly deeper than miessners
requires more force
wind
slow adapt

A

Rouffini corpuscle

119
Q

deep
dont need a microscope to see them
vibration
rapid adapters

A

Pacinian

120
Q

all sensory information is integrated in the

A

parietal lobe

many association areas

121
Q

what is a reflex

A

predictable response to stim

122
Q

reflex needs

A

both motor and sensory components

123
Q

what is a motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

124
Q

what are the 4 components of a motor neuron

A

soma
axon
neuro musc jxn
fiber

125
Q

the more neurons involved in a movement all for

A

fine motor control

126
Q

in gross motor control

A

1 neuron will innervate 1000 fibers

127
Q

how do muscles communicate

A

neuro muscular jxn

128
Q

what makes the connection between fiber and neuron special

A

expanded N end fits into muscle fiber membrane and it folds creating more surface area

129
Q

what excited a muscle fiber

A

ACh

130
Q

what happens as we age

A

lose neurons causing the ones left to have to pick up the slack

131
Q

what is a muscle spindle used for

A

stretch reflex

132
Q

intrafusal fiber are where

A

within the capsule of spindle

133
Q

extrafusal is

A

striated multi nucleated

134
Q

if the nucleus’ are arranged in a line

A

nuclear chain fiber

135
Q

if the nucleus’s are arranged in a pile

A

nuclear bag fiber

136
Q

muscle spindles are striated at the ends meaning

A

contractility

137
Q

the middle of the spindle is

A

noncontractile

138
Q

extrafusal fibers are what kind of motor neurons

A

alpha

139
Q

intrafusal fibers are what kind of motor neuron

A

gamma

140
Q

a gamma motor neuron inneraves what part

A

the ends

141
Q

how many types of afferent stretch receptors are there

A

2
annulospinal
flower spray ending

142
Q

receptor wraps the fiber and responds to the rate of stretch

A

annulospinal

143
Q

this receptor is located at the jxn of contractile and noncontractile portions
is responsible for the degree of stretch

A

flower spray

144
Q

nuclear bag fiber are innervated by what type of afferent receptor

A

both

145
Q

there are two way to stretch a muscle

A

actively and passively

146
Q

conscious stretch

individual signals contract different muscle at different time to create smooth movement

A

active

147
Q

if you contract end pf spindle it will stretch the middle which stimulates the afferent–> SC–>excite alpha motor neuron

A

active

148
Q

knee jerk reaction

A

passive

149
Q

hit muscle–> stretch–>alpha motor–>contract

A

passive

150
Q

in order to move a limb must

A

shut off antagonist

151
Q

what shuts off antagonist

A

inhibitory neuron

152
Q

what protects from over contraction

A

golgi tendon organ

153
Q

where is a golgi tendon organ found

A

muscle tendon jxn

154
Q

what does golgi tendon organ do

A

responsible for strength of a contraction

prevents all or nothing

155
Q

golgi tendon organ controls amount of force used to contract muscle how

A

stim both excitatory and inhibatory

156
Q

joints are innervated by

A

free nerve endings

157
Q

what do free nerve endings respond to

A

pain

move away from pain

158
Q

if there is pain in the joint what happens

A

excitatory and muscles work to move against the force even before the pain registers in the brain

159
Q

what branch catches up to register the pain

A

collateral

160
Q

what does the collateral pain help with

A

gives the brain the ability to see another way to stop the pain if possible rather than just reacting

161
Q

how many segments of SC does innervation of a joint happen

A

1

162
Q

what is a flexor or withdrawl reflex

A

stepping on a lego

163
Q

how many segments of the SC does the flexor reflex use

A

multiple

164
Q

what does the withdrawl reflex do

A

removes the entire limb from danger

165
Q

what is it called when you extend on limb and flex the contrallateral limb

A

crossed effects

interneuron crossover

166
Q

what is the network of fibers running in all directions

A

reticular formation

167
Q

where is the reticular formation located

A

core of the brain stem

does not inclued major tract or cranial nerve nuclii

168
Q

what is interesting about the reticular formation

A

it is phylogenetically old found in sponges

169
Q

what is the primary function of reticular formation

A

survival of the group or species

170
Q

what kind of organization is it considered to have

A

poor

org in own way

171
Q

what are the cellular regions of the reticular formation

A

raphe nucleii
magnocellular/gigantocellular
parvocellular

172
Q

which cellular region is found along the midline

looks like a seam and joins two sides

A

raphe nucleii

173
Q

what neurotransmitter is associated with the region

A

5 hydroxytriptomine

174
Q

what is 5-hydroxitriptomine

A

seratonin

175
Q

cellular region of the reticular formation that is more medial along the paramedian lines

A

magnocellular/gigantocellular

176
Q

the small region more laterally placed

A

parvocellular

177
Q

where can be affected

A

alot of areas with one cell

178
Q

what determines whether a transmitter is excitatory or inhibitory

A

receptor

179
Q

what is adrenaline also known as

A

epinephrine

180
Q

what neurotransmitter is generally excitatory
plays large role in motor system
and whose nucleii are in the peduculopontine- midbrain–> PONS

A

acetylcholine

181
Q

attention/awareness of surroundings
locus coerbis
verntrolateral medulla
nucleus is solitary tract

A

noradernergic/norepinepherine

182
Q

what is always present if norepinephrine is present

A

dopamine it is precursor

183
Q

motivation
decision maker
ventral tegmental area

A

dopamine

184
Q

what neurotransmitter is associated with raphe
decreases pain
mood awareness arousal
they will input a neurotransminter to create more in the cases of extreme chronic pain

A

serotonin

185
Q

goes everywhere does everything

A

reticular formation

186
Q

ascending and decending pass through

A

reticular formation

187
Q

ARAS

A

ascending reticular activating system

188
Q

controls level of awareness

A

reticular formation

189
Q

responsible for acoustic startle response

A

ASRS

190
Q 
keeps muscles ready
set cardiac rhythm
respiration
supresses pain
limbic emotion of pain
A

ASRS

191
Q

what are the reticulospinal tracts

A

medullary
pontine
raphe

192
Q

which reticulospinal tracts are motor

A

medullary and pontine

193
Q

lateral motor limbs

A

medullary

194
Q

where does medullary begin

A

medulla

195
Q

medial motor to the trunk

A

pontine

196
Q

pontine begins where

A

pons

197
Q

pain supressors

serotonin

A

raphe

CNS (3 decks)

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