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CNS > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

different ways to categorize NS

A

anatomic and functional

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2
Q

divisions of anatomic category

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

divisions of functionals category

A

Autonomic, somatic, enteric

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4
Q

divisions of the forebrain

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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5
Q

what make up the brain stem?

A

midbrain, PONS, medulla

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6
Q

what make up the hind brain

A

PONS, cerebellum and medulla

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7
Q

what does cerebral spinal fluid do

A

removes waste
brings nutrients
provides a cushon

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8
Q

what are the layers of protection for CNS

A 
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
fat
bone
muscle
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9
Q

which ganglia is apart of the CNS

A

basal ganglia

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10
Q

what direction is spinoreticular

A

SC–> Brainstem ascending

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11
Q

what direction is the reticularspinal

A

brainstem–>SC descending

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12
Q

where are the ganglionic neurons for the sympathetic

A

thoracolumbar

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13
Q

where are the ganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic

A

craniosacral

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14
Q

how many cranial nerves are there in the peripheral NS

A

12 pair

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15
Q

how many spinal N are there in the peripheral NS

A

31 pair

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16
Q

what are they two schools of thought on neuro histology

A

Neuronal doctrine

Syncytial

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17
Q

Neuronal doctrine

A

individual cells- Dr Cahall

used Dr Golgi staining technique to show it

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18
Q

Syncytial

A

interconnected tubes- Dr Golgi

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19
Q

ways to classify a neuron

A

form
function
transmitter secreted
excitatory or inhibatory

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20
Q

most common neuron

A

multi polar

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21
Q

what type of neuron is not found in humans

A

true unipolar

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22
Q

which is a good interneuron

A

bipolar

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23
Q

what is it called to move toward the CNS

A

centripedal

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24
Q

what is it called to move away from the CNS

A

centrifugal

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25
Q

what is the most common synapse location

A

axodentritic

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26
Q

what is the second most common synapse location

A

axosomatic

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27
Q

what is the most common type of neuronal transmission

A

chemical

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28
Q

what are the types of neuronal transmission

A

chemical

gap junctions

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29
Q

what do enzymes do in the synaptic cleft

A

turn off transmitters once they are used

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30
Q

where does the transmitter go once it is used

A

reabsorbed pinocytosis by presynaptic side

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31
Q

what is it called when the transmitter is reabsorbed and taken back to the soma for repackaging

A

retrograde transport

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32
Q

what are neuroglia

A

glue
supporting cells
majority of cells

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33
Q

where are neuroglia normally found

A

CNS

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34
Q

what cells acts like a glial cells in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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35
Q

name the glial cells in the CNS

A

astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal

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36
Q

what is the difference between schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

A

schwann- wraps entire cell around a fiber only one fiber at a time
oligo- entire cell does not wrap sends a process to wrap multiple fibers= save space

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37
Q

what is the more numerous glial cell

A

astrocytes

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38
Q

astrocytes function like what in a damn

A

sandbags- support endothelia in blood/brain barrier

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39
Q

what are main functions of astrocyte

A

metabolic support
mechanical/structural
help neuron transmit

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40
Q

what functions like the immune system of the CNS

A

microglia- acts like macrophages
nomadic
phagocytic

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41
Q

possible origins of microglia

A

bone marrow
modified neuron tissue
in spleen -embryonic origin before blood/brain barrier established

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42
Q

defects in myelination

A

MS

Guellion Burret

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43
Q

what is neurulation

A

development of
ectoderm
mesoderm- notocord
endoderm

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44
Q

when does neurulation occur

A

3-4 weeks

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45
Q

what does the mesoderm become

A

bone

muscle

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46
Q

what does the ectoderm become

A

outer structures

NS

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47
Q

what does endoderm become

A

inner lining

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48
Q

what does the notocord do

A

gives embryo axis
forms the vertebral column
sends chem messages to ectoderm

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49
Q

chemical messages from notocord to ectoderm stimulate what

A

brings together ecto cells
forms neural plate
neural plate sinks
forming neural groove with neural folds on either side
everything comes together to form neural tube with neural crest cells above

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50
Q

what happens if the cranial neural pore does not close

A

death

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51
Q

what happens if caudal neural pore mostly closes

A

spina bifida

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52
Q

crest cells form

A

PNS

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53
Q

neural tube forms

A

CNS

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54
Q

which primary brain vesicle moves laterally

A

proenephalon

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55
Q

proencephalon

A

forebrain

56
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain

57
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain

58
Q

what make up the telencephalon

A

white matter
corpus stiatum
cerebral hemispheres/cortex

59
Q

which vesicle develops fastest

A

telencephalon

60
Q

which vesicle is slow to develop

A

diencephalon

61
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A 
thalamus
hypothalamus
metathalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
62
Q

which of the diencephalon is sometimes grouped elsewhere

A

subthalamus

63
Q

what makes up the mesencephalon

A

tectum
tegmentum
cerebral peduncle

64
Q

what are the cerebral peduncle

A

ventral motor fibers

65
Q

what direction does the rhombencephalon grown

A

anterior/ posterior

66
Q

what make up the rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

67
Q

what make up the metencphalon

A

PONS
cerebellum
cerebellar nuclii

68
Q

myelencephalon is made up of

A

medulla

69
Q

where is the cephallic flexure of the neural tube

A

between the diencephalon and mesencephalon

70
Q

which two flexures of the neural tube are primary

A

cervical

cephalic

71
Q

lateral ventricles develop out of what

A

telencephalon

72
Q

what connects the 3rd and lateral ventricles

A

interventricular foramen

73
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

aquaduct

74
Q

3rd ventricle develops out of

A

diencephalon

75
Q

4th ventricle develops out of

A

mesencephalon

76
Q

how do cells move in the neural tube

A

depending on fuction

77
Q

the groove that separates dorsal and ventral or motor from sensory portions of the neural tube

A

sulcus limitans

78
Q

on the dorsal side of the neural tube what developes the sensory structures

A

alar plate

79
Q

on the ventral side what develops the motor structure

A

basalar plate

80
Q

neural tube opens wp when

A

4th ventricles grow

81
Q

closer to the sulcus limitans develop the

A

innervation for visceral structures

82
Q

further from the sulcus limitans develops the

A

innervations for somatic structures

83
Q

where does the neural tube open up to be flat

A

at PONs and medulla

84
Q

where do the innervation for the sensory structures fall in the neural tube near the PONs and medulla

A

out laterally

85
Q

ventricular system develops from what

A

innermost layer of neural tube

86
Q

innermost layer of neural tube

A

stem cells

87
Q

stem cells are

A

pluripotent

become anything

88
Q

middle section of neural tube

A

intermediate zone

89
Q

what is found in the intermediate zone

A

blast cells

90
Q

what are blast cells

A

determined cells
ie neuroblast
glialblast

91
Q

what is the outer most portion of neural tube

A

marginal zone

92
Q

what is found in the marginal zone

A

mature cells

93
Q

what is the thickest layer of neural tube

A

marginal zone

94
Q

how do the cells in the neural tube get from outer to inner and visa versa

A

rays

95
Q

are rays directional

A

no

96
Q

how thick is the cerebral cortex and how much is hidden

A

2-4mm

more than 1/2

97
Q

cortex is organized how

A

in layer

98
Q

how many layers does the cortex have

A

3-6

99
Q

what part of the cortex has 6 layers

A

neocortex

100
Q

what part of the cortex has 3 layers

A

paleocortex

archicortex

101
Q

how do cells in the cortex communicate

A

line up in columns

102
Q

what types of cells are found in the cortex

A

pyramidal
spiny stellate
smooth stellate
bipolar

103
Q

which cells of the cortex leave the cortex

A

pyramidal

104
Q

which cells of the cortex stay within the cortex

A

spiny stellate
smooth stellate
bipolar

105
Q

which cortex cells are exitatory

A

pyramidal
spiny stellate
bipolar

106
Q

which cortex cells are inhibatory

A

smooth stellate

bipolar

107
Q

what does the golgi staining technique show

A

only a few cells uptake stain

good pic of the basic cell shape

108
Q

what does nissle staining show

A

picked up by ribosomes

shows the layers of the lamina well

109
Q

what is nissle staining good to show

A

cell count

110
Q

what does the weigert staining show

A

cells rich in fibers

darker the area the more myelin fiber

111
Q

what are the layers of the cerebral cortex lamina

A 
pia
fibrous molecular layer
outer granule-small neurons
outer pyramidal
inner granule
112
Q

classification of fibers in the cerebrum

A

projection fiber
association fiber
commisural fiber

113
Q

which fibers leave the cortex

A

projection fiber

114
Q

where are projection fibers derived

A

pyramidal cells

115
Q

how many types of association fibers are there

A

2
long
short

116
Q

where do association fibers move

A

only in one hemisphere

117
Q

where do short association fibers move

A

within the same lobe

118
Q

where do long association fibers move

A

moves between lobes within the same hemisphere

119
Q

what do commisural fibers do

A

cross the hemisphere

120
Q

what is an example of commisural fiber

A

corpus callosum

121
Q

which fibers are affernt

A

association
commissural
thalamanocortical
neuraxial-outside cerebrum

122
Q

which fibers are effernt

A

association
commissural
projection

123
Q

which is derived from a small pyramidal cell

A

association fiber

124
Q

which is derived from a large pyramidal cell

A

projection fiber

125
Q

which is derived from a medium pyramidal cell

A

commissural fiber

126
Q

where is somatic sensory control

A

post central gyri

127
Q

where is the supplemental sensory

A

just behind postcentral gyri

128
Q

association auditory cortex lines up with

A

the superior temporal gyrus

129
Q

the auditory cortex is where

A

deep within lateral sulcus

130
Q

primary motor field

A

precentral gyrus

131
Q

the prefrontal field is for

A

cognition
decision making
social behavior
phineas gage

132
Q

if the know what they want to say and cant get it out what is affected

A

brocas area

133
Q

if the dont understand what people are saying

A

wernickes area

134
Q

angular gyrus is associated with

A

writing and reading comprehension

135
Q

left brain is

A

analytical
scientific
right handed

136
Q

right brain is

A

artisitc

left handed

CNS (3 decks)

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