Exam 2 Flashcards
What’s the female athlete triad?
- Disordered eating. 2. Amenorrhea. 3. Osteoporosis.
Describe a mechanism and provide an example of how a drug’s actions can be enhanced by food/nutrient consumption
- MAOI (phenelzine, Nardil) used to tx depression and anxiety disorders. - Tyramine containing foods causes an increased release of synaptic catecholamine NTs.
T/F. Motivational interviewing is a specific construct and technique with guidelines.
- False. It is a style of being with people. It is a collaborative conversation style for strengthening a person’s own motivation and commitment to change.
What foods boost immune function?
Fruits rich in antioxidants: oranges, cantaloupe, papaya, berries. Vegetables rich in antioxidants: sweet potatoes, broccoli, carrots, spinach, bell peppers, asparagus, onions, beets. Protein source: chicken, turkey, fish, beef, dairy, eggs, legumes, soy foods. Omega-3 FA: salon, cold-water fish, nuts, seeds, plant oils Vitamin D sources: fatty fish (salmon, sardines, tuna), fortified foods (milk, OJ, tofu, soy, cereal) Probiotics: yogurt, milk, kefir
How is vitamin D tested? What is the health level according to Institute of Medicine?
Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D determines vitamin D status. IOM found 20 ng/mL needed for bone health.
Levels of prevention
1.) Primordial: prevent penetration of risk factors into population 2.) Primary: limit incidence of dz by controlling causes/risk factors in prone group – no dz yet 3.) Secondary: interrupt the dz before it becomes symptomatic – asymptomatic dz 4.) Tertiary: limit physical and social consequences of symptomatic dz – reduce complications of dz
Understand the concepts of primary and secondary prevention.
Primary prevention: reduce risk of initial adverse event (before disease dx is made). This is more difficult; often requires that an entire population be treated. May be less cost-effective than secondary. For individuals, this requires accurate estimate risk. Secondary prevention: reduce risk of a new adverse event in pt with known disease. This is mostly for individuals after an adverse event. More intuitive, demonstrated to improve outcomes, cost-effective.
Which herbs may cause serious health risks?
Belladonna Bitter orange Coltsfoot Comfrey Ephedra Golden ragwort Kava Licorice Goldenseal Lobelia Scotch broom Skullcap
What is the screening recommendation for TB in the Asian/pacific islander population?
- Screen only high-risk populations: BCG vaccinated, IV drug users, homeless shelter residents, former prisoners, recent arrival from high TB rate country (all countries except Australia, Canada and W.Europe), people at high risk to convert from latent to active (immunocompromised and DM)
Signs / symptoms of acute dental pain
- Less than 12-24 hours - Short or no resolution with analgesics - +/- swelling - Patient may need to take frequent drinks of cool water to calm tooth
What diseases/pathologies is the black/AA population at high risk for?
- Cancers: Colon/rectal, prostate, breast - Infant mortality - HIV/AIDS
What is Ludwigs angina?
- Complication of a dental infection of the floor of the mouth that obstructs the airway
What are the screening recommendations for breast cancer in the black population?
- Per ACS: mammo q year after 40, clinical breast exam yearly after age 20 - Per USPSTF: mammo q2 years when 50-79 (discuss starting at 40). No CBE or SBE.
What is hookah? Risk?
Known as Narghile, Shisha, Goza. 45 minutes use = 60 cigarettes smoked. 50x the quantity of carcinogens as a cigarette. Higher levels of chemicals and metals than cigarette. CO levels 8x higher, tar 72x higher, nicotine 4x higher. Results in higher concentrations of nicotine being absorbed. Water is used to “filter” the smoke but does not remove the toxins, some places replaced by alcohol.
Prostate CA incidence in black population? Mortality in comparison to whites?
- 1 in 5 vs 1 in 6 in general population. If 1st degree relative, 1 in 3. - 2.4 times higher mortality
If you were training at an Olympic training facility, what’s on a plate for easy training, moderate training, and heavy training?
Easy training: half fruits/veg, quarter lean protein, quarter whole grains + 1 tsp fats.
Moderate training: quarter lean proteins, 1/3 grains, 1/3 fruit/veg + 1 Tbl fats.
Heavy training: half grains, quarter fruit/veg and quarter lean proteins + 2 Tbl fats.
What is the screening recommendation for DM in the Hispanic population?
- Same as general population. Pre-diabetics who are Hispanic are more likely to convert to DM2 than general population.
How can diet improve immune function (in athletes but also people in general)?
Immune function is best when person has adequate calories, protein, carbs and fat to maintain energy balance and support exercise energy expenditure. Athlete should consume carbs before/during/after long training to offset suppressive effect of exercise on immune function. Eat foods rich in antioxidants to combat oxidative stress. Lean proteins have iron and zinc for immune function. Omega-3 FA for anti-inflammatory. Vitamin D for immune defense. Probiotics for GI and immune health.
What are the three categories of amenorrhea in women?
- Women who have never had a menstrual period by age sixteen, 2. Women who have not had a period for 2-3 months or more, 3. Women who have irregular periods that vary from 35 to 90 days.
How does the risk of oral cancer when smoking a pipe compare to other tobacco products?
2-3.5 times higher
Factors that contribute to dental caries
- Diet/nutrition - Poor oral hygiene - Xerostomia
What are cigars? What are the characteristics of them?
“Any roll of tobacco wrapped in leaf tobacco or any substance containing tobacco.” Contain 100-444 mg nicotine, pH 8, over half the nicotine is free so doesn’t have to be smoked to be absorbed, can take 1-2 hours to smoke and the smoke has higher concentrations of toxins.
Describe how a drug can alter food intake via alteration in oral intake. Provide an example.
- Anticholinergics block salivary secretion = dysphagia, oral infections, esophagitis - Alter taste: clarithromycin (bitter taste), metronidazole (metallic taste) - Antibiotics change flora in oral cavity = opportunistic infections - Antineoplastic agents damage oral mucosal lining
What is the righting reflex?
- Need to fix things, come up with answers, problem solve, give advice, tell him/her what they need to do, be in control