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NuFS 144 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define “Structuralist”

A

Treats cultural phenomena as elements in system of symbols. Structuralists look at the way that cultures categorize things, and interpret the culture through their categorization.

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2
Q

Who are the three famous structuralists we studied in class?

A

Claude Levi-Straus
Mary Douglas
Jean Soler

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3
Q

Define “Materialist”

A

Believes that most cultural practices, including food, are rooted in the material environment that the culture finds themselves in physically.

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4
Q

Who is the main materialist that we studied in class?

A

Marvin Harris

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5
Q

What did Claude Levi-Straus concern himself with?

A

Concerned with universal characteristics of human species, I.E. Cooking. All cultures cook. But it’s unique to our species.

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6
Q

Claude Levi-Strauss was….

A

Interested in cooking styles, and identified underlying structures of human thought through studying food preparation and myths of cultures.

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7
Q

______ invented the culinary triangle

A

Claude-Levi Strauss

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8
Q

People attach _______ to forms of cooking, such as:

A

“Cultural Meanings”

  1. Gender Differences
  2. Status Differences
  3. Rites Of Passage
  4. Endo- vs. Exo-cuisine
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9
Q

What is the difference between endo- and exo-cuisine?

A

Endo-cuisine is food you serve to your family, while Exo-cuisine is food you serve to your guests

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10
Q

What is an example of gender differences attached to cooking in some cultures?

A

In some places, men eat boiled foods and women eat roasted foods, or the same type of split but for nobility and lower class

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11
Q

Who is Mary Douglas?

A

She is a structuralist analyzing the jewish dietary laws

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12
Q

What did Mary Douglas state as her main belief?

A

Anomalous creatures are unfit for the table (can’t eat) or the altar (can’t
sacrifice)

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13
Q

______ assigned animals to 3 spheres: ___, ____, and _____

A
  1. Leviticus

2. Air, Water, and Land

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14
Q

What animals are jewish people not permitted to eat? (which foods are not Kosher)

A
  1. Any animal that chews cud and has clone hooves
  2. Any bird with an extra talon
  3. Fish with scales
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15
Q

How do jewish dietary laws follow Leviticus’ placing of animals in different spheres?

A

Their laws reject creatures that have features of a member of another sphere or that
lack defining features, also creatures that lie between two spheres. Ex: Platypus, all amphibians

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16
Q

What did Jean Soler believe? What is a more practical definition of her belief?

A
  1. “The order of the world, including the diet, is the same as the order underlying the creation of the world.”
  2. Paradise is vegetarian: God’s “nourishment” is sacrificial animals, peoples’
    nourishment are edible plants.
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17
Q

What did Jean Soler suggest people should eat?

A

Only eat vegetarian animals to maintain the idea of a vegetarian paradise (like Adam
and Eve). i.e. Cloven hooves, chews the cud…

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18
Q

Jean Soler did not believe in _______________. Her quote used to explain this was “_________________”.

A
  1. Eating food items from related animals together.

2. “You shall not boil a child in the milk of its mother”

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19
Q

What did Marvin Harris believe?

A

“Cultures impose supernatural sanctions on eating animals when the
ratio of communal benefits to costs associated with eating a species decreases.”

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20
Q

Which animals become easy targets of supernatural taboos?

A

Cheap and Abundant species

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21
Q

Why aren’t cows taboo in India?

A

Calories from milk far exceed the calories from beef. Besides milk, a living cow can be used as a tractor and can provide you with manure for fertilization

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22
Q

Why are pigs taboo is certain areas but not in other areas?

A

Pigs are hard to raise in hot, arid areas and they compete with humans for food because they are omnivores. So it depends on the climate of the area

23
Q

Taboo is….

A

….an adaptive response to ecological shifts

24
Q

In what scenario will an animal never become taboo?

A

When eating that animal is essential for survival

25
Q

Why are camels taboo in judaism, but halal in islam since they live in the same environment?

A

Short Answer: Nomadic vs. Agricultural lifestyle between the two cultures is the explanation
Jewish people are farmers that have no need for transportation, so they don’t need
camels. Muslims needed them to traverse the deserts and might need to occasionally
eat their camels as emergency food supply

26
Q

Camels are as efficient to raise as _____ and _____ because they______

A
  1. Sheep and Goats

2. Grow slower and reproduce slower

27
Q

When does an animal become taboo? (3 ways)

A
  1. When hunting the animal breaks the “Optimal Foraging Strategy”
  2. When they benefit the community more when alive than dead
  3. When keeping them as food is too expensive, whether in terms of resources, or in terms of time
28
Q

What is Optimal foraging theory?

A

A model that predicts how a species will most efficiently minimize time and energy spent and searching for and capturing food.

29
Q

What does O. F. Theory say about insects?

A

Insects are inefficient in terms of time/energy spent per harvest unit

30
Q

Which societies are least likely to eat insects?

A

Societies with access to large vertebrate species and whose

environment is not rich in insect fauna are least likely to eat insects

31
Q

Which insects are best for consumption according to O.F. Theory?

A

Large bodied that can
be harvested in swarming masses (concentrated populations). Ex: Grasshoppers,
termites, larvae of moths and beetles

32
Q

Why are horses taboo in the U.S.?

A

Horses play a big role in our culture and were useful as cavalry in war times

33
Q

Why are dogs taboo in western countries?

A

Dogs can be used for hunting, herding, assisting the blind, drug detection police dogs, sledding

34
Q

Why do Chinese/Koreans eat dogs? (3 reasons)

A
  1. Soil Quality is bad, so scarcity of food
  2. Dogs are some of the largest animals that live there
  3. they need to utilize every resource
35
Q

Why do pacific islanders eat dogs?

A

They have no use for dogs and they are some of the biggest animals on the islands

36
Q

What person that we studied discusses most of these taboos?

A

Marvin Harris

37
Q

What is psychopathological cannibalism? Example?

A

Cannibalism caused by mental illness.

Jeffrey Dammer

38
Q

What is “Survival” cannibalism? Example?

A

Caused by starvation.

The Donner Party

39
Q

Define auto-cannibalism:

A

Eating yourself, even chewing fingernails

40
Q

Define Medical cannibalism:

A

Eating Kidney or Liver as a recommended remedy for a disease.

41
Q

Describe Endo-Cannibalism:

A

Eating someone in your family/tribe. Since people are never alone in tribe culture, they will be eaten when they die so that they can remain
close to their family in the afterlife.

42
Q

Describe Exo-Cannibalism:

A

Eating someone from an enemy tribe that you killed or that

was killed in battle.

43
Q

What is Harris’ theory of cannibalism?

A

Animals are taboo when they benefit the community more when alive than when dead

44
Q

What are some of the costs and benefits of warfare cannibalism?

A 
Alive POW:
-Benefit-Source of labor and taxes
-Cost-Must feed them
Dead POW:
-Benefit-Source of high quality protein
-Benefit-Lowers population pressure
-Cost-People will be more reluctant to surrender during warfare
45
Q

Which societies would value prisoners alive? Which would value them more dead?

A
  1. State-level Government

2. Tribal

46
Q

Today, cannibalism is almost only found in “_______”

A

Band-level societies that lack military organization and benefit from the flesh of their prisoner’s bodies

47
Q

The oldest cookbook known is about ______, and contains_____

A

4000 years old found in babylon and contains 25 stew recipes

48
Q

What did Apicus write in 400 A.D.?

A

De Re Coquinaria

49
Q

What changed about cookbooks in the 1800s?

A

They were no longer written for professionals, old ones lack explicit instructions

50
Q

How was the first modern cookbook different from past ones?

A

The Englishwoman that wrote it organized dishes by type of meal and listed ingredients in order of how they were used in the meal

51
Q

What three things should a modern cookbook also include?

A
  • Prep Time
  • Cook Time
  • How many people it should serve
52
Q

How was cooking viewed during the depression?

A

Men and women were questioning gender roles and arguing over women taking “men’s jobs”. Who will care for the children?

53
Q

What did people do to keep women at home, not taking jobs?

A

Media highly promoted romanticized concept of home/family to keep women at home. A good housewife creates meals that are: Thrifty, Creative, Tasty, Interesting and she does so with enthusiasm

NuFS 144 (3 decks)

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