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Survey of Latin America > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Latin flashcards
1
Q

Son & son montuno

A

Son means song, son monunto is the most flexible of all forms of Latin-American music, and is the foundation of many Cuban-based dance forms, and salsa

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2
Q

Son & son montuno style

A

light hearted love text, improvised section at the end.

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3
Q

Eliades Ochoa

A

Buena Vista Star who was famous for son montuno music.

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4
Q

Buena Vista Social Club

A

landmark recording (1997) and later a feature film in (1999) produced by US guitarist Ry Cooder. son montuno style

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5
Q

salsa

A

In the 1970s standard style was trombone-dominated, horn section and rhythm.

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6
Q

salsa origins

A

emerges from Cuban and Puerto Rican communities in USA, 1960s-1970s

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7
Q

Tito Puente

A

(1925-2000) PR-American born in NYC. Timbales virtuoso, long career (Mambo, Latin Jazz, Salsa) among the originators of salsa style.

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8
Q

Celia Cruz

A

The queen of salsa, frequent collaborator with Tito Bente and Ray Barretto, left Cuba in 1960.

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9
Q

commercial salsa

A

popular style emerges in 1980s: danceable grove, blend love lyrics retains from son montuno.

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10
Q

Albita Rodriguez

A

Cuban, political asylum in Miami, traditional Cuban forms. salsa performer.

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11
Q

timba

A

more recent salsa style, up-tempo, dance (from Cuba focused on hard – driving rhythm)

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12
Q

Latin Jazz

A

2 way exchange between Latino musicians and American jazz players

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13
Q

Mambo Craze

A

late 1940s and 50s (“ballroom version of the rumba, played by a jazz-style big band)

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14
Q

machito

A

latin jazz band leader of Afro Orchestra : big band with Afro-Cuban percussion. Emigrated from Cuba in 1937.

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15
Q

Dizzy Gillespie

A

be-bop improve and harmonies with Latin rhythm. Afro Cuban Musicians, songs based on Afro Cuban models.

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16
Q

Arturo Sandoval

A

latin jazz amazing trumpet player, Irakere in 1970s, emigrated to US in 1990.

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17
Q

Trinidad

A

forced immigration from India, independence 1962/ republic in 1971, oil based economy, racial and political tension.

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18
Q

Trinidad Today

A

high standards of living, English dominated – also Hindu, Spanish, and France. Tiny country but huge musical influence.

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19
Q

Calypso

A

19th century, west African rhythm (rumba) with European instruments, relaxed rhythmic feel, topical/political songs, the root of most later trinidad styles (and many other Caribbean and west African styles)

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20
Q

Harry Belafonte

A

popularized Calypso in USA in 1950s (Day-o huge hit in 1955)

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21
Q

Soca

A

“Soul Calypso” – Trinidad popular style of the 1980s on, speeds up traditional styles calypso, salsa style ensemble, party dance music, heavily synthesized.

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22
Q

Steel Band

A

innovation in 1940s : blends calypso with afro-trinidadian, tamboo bamboo tradition. Tuned drums (55 gallon oil barrels) – large ensembles. Complex arrangements.

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23
Q

Panorama

A

annual steel band competition associated with carnival.

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24
Q

Chutney Music

A

creation of (Asian) Indian immigrants in Trinidad, elements of soca and various Indian styles (esp. Bhangra). Up-tempo part music, lyrics blend English and Hindi.

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25
Q

Jamaica

A

Caribbean island, quite mountainess. Visited by Columbus in 1494, under British control for over 3 centuries after 1655, gained independence in 1962. Main slave trade, sugar exports 16th century onwards, slavery abolished in 1834, 90% of Jamaican population is of African descent, largely white political control until 1980s.

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26
Q

Kingston

A

great natural harbor, major slave trade port in Jamaica.

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27
Q

Afro-Jamaican forms

A

preservation of African drumming styles

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28
Q

Maroons

A

descendants of escaped slaves (fled to the interior) in jamaica

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29
Q

Rastafarianism

A

religious/social movement that originated in the 1930s.

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30
Q

Rastafarianism history and beliefs

A

veneration of Hail Sellassie I, spiritual use of ganja (weed), return to Africa (centrality to Africa – your soul will return to Africa)

31
Q

Rastafarianism traditional rasta music

A

simplified African styles drumming with European (hym)

32
Q

Mento

A

popular style in Jamacia from late 1800s – 1960s, blends caribean styles (esp. Calypso) with North American popular styles, aucustic (banjo saxophone etc)

33
Q

Ska

A

early 1960 : update of Mento with American Blend.

34
Q

Bob Marley

A

(1945-1981) Formed rude boys (later Wailers) in 1961), grew up in “trench town” – slum. Converted to Rastafarianism in 1967 – reflected in his songs later lyrics reflect political and spiritual beliefs. Early Wailers recordings in ska styles, some covers of American and British pop songs.

35
Q

Bob Marley musical influence

A

Leader in a succession of Jamaican popular styles

36
Q

Bob Marley political activism

A

becomes world wide symbol of peace and political reconciliation. “one love peace concert”

37
Q

Reggae

A

“The kings music” successor to ska and rock steady 1969. Recorded and produced in Jamaica.

38
Q

Reggae musical style

A

complex rhythmic structure : back beats and bass guitar.

39
Q

Reggae Lyrics

A

expression of political concerns and Rastafarian beliefs. Black community standing up to white minority.

40
Q

Lee “Scratch” Perry

A

Reggae musician and legendary producer

41
Q

Peter Tosh

A

(1944-1987) member of wailers until 1976, more militant voice than Marley. Calls for radical action. Metaphor – the Malcolm X to Martian Luther King.

42
Q

Reggae Influence beyond Jamaica

A

tremendously influential in American/British rock music of the 1970s on (Beatles, Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, Frank, Boy George, Culture Club) phenomenally popular in Africa.

43
Q

Dancehall & Ragga

A

later developments in late 1970s and 1980s onwards, rapping above Reggae beats usually faster tempos, “toasting” (rhythmic poetry above a manipulated turntable). Hip hop culture. Controversial for “slackness” (sexually explicit lyrics) and anit-homosexual stance. Ex: Shaggy (Wasn’t me)

44
Q

Merengue

A

originally an Afro-Dominican dance, distinctive rhythm, later fused with salsa-style ensembles. A Caribbean Pop Style.

45
Q

Elvis Crespo

A

Merengue performer

46
Q

Reggaeton

A

Recent (late 90s) style: originated in Panama & Puerto Rico, Rap over various Caribbean beats (esp. Jamaican “dem bow”), sexually explicit lyrics/videos, slick studio productions. A Caribbean Pop Style.

47
Q

Daddy Yankee

A

Puerto Rican-born Reggaeton, singer/producer, crossover success (e.g., Gasolina, 2004)

48
Q

Tego Calderon

A

Loíza (p.213), Cuban artist: reggaeton as social commentary

49
Q

Brazil

A

largest nation in Latin America. 5th largest in the world. Only dominantly Portuguese speaking nation in Latin America. More people speak Portuguese in Brazil than in Portugal.

Independence in 1822. Gradual abolition of slavery 1822-1889. Declaration of Republic in 1889. Reestablishment of democracy in 1988. Enormous disparity in wealth : large scale protests in 2013 (corruption, income inequality, police brutality)

50
Q

Brazil Diverse population

A

majority European or Pardo (European/ African heritage), substantial africn Minority, small Asian (esp. Japan) and indigenous minorities. Diverse pre-Columbian population (estimated 2000 tribal groups).

51
Q

Brazil Economy

A

based on agriculture (esp. sugar cane) and exploration of natural resources (ex. Gold).

52
Q

Forró

A

Party music, original folk style played by zabumba ensemble, macho lyrics (drinking fighting, women as sex objects) later popular style forro music: sanfona (accordion), triangle, zabumba. Influenced by polka, skam and zydeco.

53
Q

Luiz Gonzaga

A

“king of forro” (over 200 songs) master of sanfona ex: Asa Branca.

54
Q

Candomblé

A

syncretistic faith: W. African (Yoruba) traditional religion with elements of Catholicism 
- possession by Orixás in lengthy drumming and dance ceremonies
-

55
Q

Atabaque drums

A

standard ensemble of three drums and bell

56
Q

Agogó

A

double bells

57
Q

Capoeira

A

W. African (Angolan) martial arts form: transformed into a dance by black Bahians
- accomp. by a drum ensemble & berimbau. call & response.

58
Q

Berimbau

A

(musical bow of African origin) used in Capoeira

59
Q

Samba and its descendants

A

traditional Afro-Brazilian dance and drum form, duple meter, percussion-dominated

60
Q 
Samba traditional ensemble
•	repinque 
•	agogó
•	surdo 
•	cuíca
A 
bacteria (percussion ensemble)
•	repinque – small drum
•	agogó – double bells
•	surdo – bass drum
•	cuíca – friction drum
61
Q

Samba and Carnival in Rio

A

(talk about the phenomenon of Samba Schools, and the social function of Samba.) - famous worldwide, 3-day party, culminating in Samba School processions to the “Sambadrome,” social “pressure valve”
- Samba Schools - huge (3,000+) organizations: elaborate costuming, floats, and choreography, each includes a large bateria

62
Q

Samba songs

A

tradition 1930s- Samba-inspired pop songs, often composed as annual “official” songs of Carnival”

63
Q

Contemporary Samba

A

retains rhythmic base, but greater focus on melody: some fusion with other pop styles

64
Q

Bossa Nova

A

cool, sophisticated version of the Samba, 1950s-1970s, melodically-based music: samba rhythm in the background

65
Q

Stan Getz

A

Bossa Nova played/recorded girl from Ipanema,

66
Q

Antonio Carlos Jobim

A

Bossa Nova wrote girl from Ipanema

67
Q

Pagode

A

most recent Samba-based pop style, elements of U.S. Soul, R&B, & Pop style

68
Q

MPB

A

“Musica Popular Brasiliera” adaptation of U.S. and other Latin American popular styles!- marketing label: broad range of styles…

69
Q

Milton Nascimento

A

“MPB” artist - eclectic singer- songwriter: influences range from Samba to Jazz, Rock and Afropop”

70
Q

Heavy Metal and Rap in Brazil

A

Hard Rock (e.g. Led Zeppelin & Black Sabbath) introduced in Brazil in 1970s, w/ later successful tours by many American Heavy Metal bands”- Rock, Metal, Punk, and eventually Rap became a part of youth culture (esp. in Saõ Paulo & Rio): adoption of a “non-Brazilian” styles as a sign of social protest” - some Brazilian Metal bands successful outside of Brazil - Rap in Brazil - later arrival than Rock (1990s), but many of the same musical/social concerns”

71
Q

Brazilian Classical Music

A

nationalist influences in the 20th century

72
Q

Heitor Villa-Lobos

A

most important Brazilian composer of the 20th century 
- trained in Paris, but style incorporates a wide variety of Brazilian influences

73
Q

Bachianas Brasilieras

A

“Embolada” – refers to a Caboclo form - unusual scoring: 8 cellos

Survey of Latin America (5 decks)

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