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Survey of Latin America > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Latin flashcards
1
Q

Timbre

A

Tone Color (The quality of a sound, determined by a number of factors…)

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2
Q

Meter

A

regular patterns of strong and weak beats.

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3
Q

duple vs. triple

A

Duple (patterns of 2 or 4 beats) Triple (patterns of 3 beats)

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4
Q

sesquialtera

A

common metrical organization in latin American music, mixture of triple and compound duple meter

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5
Q

Accent

A

stronger notes within a melody or rhythm

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6
Q

Texture

A

the way the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece

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7
Q

Monophonic

A

single melody

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8
Q

Polyphonic

A

more than 1 melody combined or melody and accompaniment

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9
Q

Form

A

overall organization of a musical work – most forms are based upon elements of repetition, contrast, and variation

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10
Q

Strophic

A

same melody repeated throughout : used to set a series of verses

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11
Q

verse/refrain

A

use of a repeating refrain (same text and music) between contrasting versus

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12
Q

call and response

A

usually a single leader vs. a group

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13
Q

developing/through-composed

A

musical material evolves during the piece according to a “composed” or “improvised” plan

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14
Q

Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese)/European

A

Spain, Brazil. Payado de contrapunto (Urguay/Argentine)

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15
Q

Indigenous/Indian

A

Mestizo. Quechua shaman healing song

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16
Q

African Diaspora

A

spreading of Africans largely through slavery. Ewe (Ghana), Ajbekor. Santeria (Cuba), Canto to Chango

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17
Q

Sources of Latin american music from U.S.A. in what forms

A

mass media and music marketing. Arturp Sandolval, Mam-Bop

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18
Q

How was the “new world” brought under Spanish control?

A

Conquered by Moors (Muslims from North Africa). Enslavement of Native American Population, beginning of large-scale African slave trade

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19
Q

slave trade

A

began in 16th century. Began in Spain

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20
Q

Mestijaze

A

(mixture): finely-graduated system based upon racial mixtures of European, Indian, and African heritage

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21
Q

Spanish polyphony

A

sacred and secular styles in 15th-16th century

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22
Q

Style

A

Latin Motets and Mass. Very conservative in 16th-17th century

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23
Q

How was the spanish polyphony used in the “new world?”

A

In churches/mass. Was in Latin because that was the official language of the church. Widely influential in the Americas.

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24
Q

La purpura de la rosa

A

first known opera to be composed and performed in the Americas

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25
Q

Tomas Torrejón y Velasco

A

Wrote La purpura de la rosa

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26
Q

guitar music

A

Long history in Spain (Introduced by Moors) 6-string guitar (vihuela) popular in Spain by 16th century

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27
Q

Flamenco

A

combination of song (cante), dance (baile) and guitar playing (toque)
- highly emotional songs: poetry partly improvised in traditional forms

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28
Q

Flamenco Roots

A

southern Spain (Andalusia) Moorish, Gypsy, Jewish, and European roots strong influence in several Latin- American styles

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29
Q

Flamenco singing style

A

highly emotional, loud yelling

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30
Q

Paco Peña

A

Foremost traditional Flemenco Guitarist

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31
Q

Gypsy Kings

A

From southern France. Flamenco based songs in Gitane (mixture of Spanish, French, & Roma)

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32
Q

Mexico history (selected bits):

A

majority of population is classed as mestizo (reflected in music as well!) - large minority of Indigenous/Indian cultures. large-scale pre-Colombian Indigenous civilizations. (Maya, Aztec, Olmec, Toltec)

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33
Q

Hernan Cortez

A

Spanish conquistador, led expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire.

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34
Q

Mexican-American War

A

Fight for territory of New Mexico, California lower US territories (obviously US won).

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35
Q

Pancho Villa

A

Revolutionary General, commander of the North

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36
Q

Indigenous music in Mexico

A

Jarocho (people in Veracruz, string instruments, cunjunto = band, improvised poetry, call and response Ex: La Bamba), Mariachi (regional music of Jalisco, European style, Ex: Son Jalisciense – most poplular mariachi song).

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37
Q

Impact of mexican indigenous music

A

various styles and unique songs/instruments/concepts

38
Q

What is “folk catholicism?”* (Be able to cite examples.)

A

Various ethnic expressions of Catholicism.

39
Q

Jarocho

A

people in Veracruz, string instruments, cunjunto = band, improvised poetry, call and response Ex: La Bamba. Dominated by string instruments

40
Q

conjunto jarocho

A

(requinto, jarana, arpa)

41
Q

son jarocho

A

Song, tied to natural identity

42
Q

Ritchie Valens, La Bamba

A

Most famous son Jarocho, early 1800s

43
Q

Mariachi

A

regional music of Jalisco, European style, Ex: Son Jalisciense – most poplular mariachi song.

44
Q

Mariachi ensemble

A

arpa (harp), trumpets(usually a pair), violins (at least 2), guitarrón (large bass guitar).

45
Q

Rafael Mendez

A

Mexican born trumpeter, mariachi tradition, 1916 Pancho Villa

46
Q

Norteño/Tejano

A

single culture in “tex-mex” region, centered on the Rio Grande, distinctive musical style emerges in 1920’s. German influence, emotional narrative texts. Influence of polka and waltz, button accordion.

47
Q

Lydia Mendoza

A

among the first Tejano stars, established style & popularity of the Cancion romantic

48
Q

Ranchera

A

originally cowboy song, duple-meter polka beat, accordion improvisations between versus, polka style verses.

49
Q

corrido

A

strophic (narrative ballad) political or topical, sung in duet (usually 2 males)

50
Q

narcocorrido

A

immensely popuar and controversial from the 1990s onwards, drug culture (glorified) close parallels to “gansta” rap, but retains traditional to Tejano or Banda Style.

51
Q

Chalino Sanchez

A

Mexican narcocorrido singer, rough life, short lived died at 32.

52
Q

Orquestra tejano (Musica tejano)

A

(polka and button accordion) instrumentation from American pop music.

53
Q

Selena

A

Texas native most successful Tejano star to date.

54
Q

Trivial

A

latest incarnation of cumbia in Mexican pop music – emerges mexico city, later in monterrey and US. Cumbia beat fused with Rave and other world styles, DJing techniques from techno and hip-hop.

55
Q

Kumbia Kings

A

Cumbia-influenced style, 2003 collaboration with Rock Band, reaction to the experience of Mexican immigrant workers in the US. Blends several styles of Latin American and North American styles.

56
Q

Art music

A

sacred art music introduced in the Colonial period__
- government effort to create European-style institutions (oper companies, symphony orchestras) in the early 20th century.

57
Q

Carlos Chavéz

A

Mexican composer and conductor - largely self-taught, “Mexicanist” folk influence. Sinfonia India (his best known work)

58
Q

Central America

A

diverse set of cultures: both Mestizo and Creole
- Indian languages and spiritualities common.

59
Q

Virgin of Guadalpe

A

apparition in 
1531
- most venerated saint in Mexico / Central America

60
Q

La Malinche

A

historical 
figure (d. 1529) – interpreter (& mistress?) of 
Hernan Cortez 
- a symbol of relationships between Indians and Spanish.

61
Q

origins of marimba

A

(marimba-balafon) Common to many west and central African cultures

62
Q

marimba de tecomates

A

Guatemalan, solo diatonic instrument - gourd resonators

63
Q

marimba de arco

A

(Nicaragua) diatonic marimba – characteristic, “kazoo” sound, played in ensemble with guitars.

64
Q

marimba

A

large keyboard percussion instr. common throughout Central America - wooden keys with resonators

65
Q

son nica

A

more recent (1970s on) Nicaraguan form: blends marimba de arco music with Mexican-style son

66
Q

La misa campesina nicaragüense

A

used in Catholic Mass, composed 1974 by Carlos Meija Godoy in the style of the son nica - reflects “Liberation Theology”

67
Q

Rubén Blades

A

Panamanian Salsa 
Singer / Actor / Activist 
- songs have a bit more social and political edge than most commercial Salsa

68
Q

Colombia

A

mixed culture, Andean in SE, African and Iberian on coasts

69
Q

Colombia history

A

heavily colonized 
by the Spanish (gold, 
other resources: Viceroyalty of New 
Granada: importation 
of West African slaves 
- successful war of independence (Simón Bolivar) ends in 1819: Republic of Colombia (included Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama)

70
Q

Simón Bolivar

A

Venezuelan military and political leader during the Columbian war of independence.

71
Q

“La Violencia”

A

long period of unrest in columbia (1940s – 1950s) military coups continuing political violence. Rise of heroin cocain trade.

72
Q

drug cartels

A

rise of heroin/cocaine trade in 1970s: several immensely powerful drug cartels

73
Q

Afro-Colombian music

A

concentrated on northern coast - preservation of African idioms

74
Q

polyrhythmic

A

sung dance pieces: drum ensemble + solo singer, call and response

75
Q

Toto la Momposina

A

cumbia-style song dedicated to the village of Arataca

76
Q

cumbia

A

popular Colombian & Panamanian rhythm/dance
- widespread in Latin America

77
Q

cumbia origins

A

developed close ties to Caribbean styles (Salsa, Reggae, Bachata)
- also enormously popular in Mexico (Tejano music, etc.)

78
Q

cumbia broader influence

A

gaita(s), maracas

79
Q

vallenato

A

rural music of the northeast
- much more lyrics-based (often harmonized) button accordion, guaracha.

80
Q

Ivo Diaz

A

vallenato classic (written by Rosendo Romero Ospino) - melacholy song of lost love

81
Q

música llanera

A

(music of the Llano) music of the NE prairie: distinctive style (joropo) – also heard in Venezuela - traditional ensemble = arpa llanera (diatonic harp), cuatro (sm. guitar), and maracas

82
Q

Venezuela

A

some governmental support for European art music (orchestras, conservatories)

83
Q

Hugo Chavez

A

President of Venezuela, 1999-2013,

84
Q

El Sistema

A

large-scale music education for Venezuelan children, 1970s onwards

85
Q

El Sistema

A

large-scale music education for Venezuelan children, 1970s onwards

86
Q

Cuba

A

visited by Columbus in 1492
- Havana established 1515
- Spanish rule until the end of the 19th century

87
Q

Jose Marti

A

Cuban Revolution, 1895-98 - Spanish-American War, 1898 
- Platt Amendment, 1901: guaranteed U.S. political dominance over Cuba, even after Cuban independence in 1902.

88
Q

Fidel Castro

A

regime 1959-2008 
- US embargo & mass emigration 1960
, Cuban Missile Crisis, 1961- continued tensions (e.g. Elian Gonzalez 1999)

89
Q

Cuba Instruments

A

congas, timbales, bata drums, claves, guiro, tres

90
Q

Rumba

A

Afro-Cuban music/dance form: close ties to West African style

91
Q

Rumba music and dance

A

flirtatious/sexual overtones
- improvised “call & response” between dancers

Survey of Latin America (5 decks)

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