Exam #2 Flashcards

0
Q

Generalized Motor Program (GMP)

A
  • theory
  • movements can be varied along certain dimensions
    ex) slow/fast, louder/softer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Motor Program

A

prestructured set of movement commands that defines and shapes the movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Open Loop Control

A

Input, Executive, Effector, Output

  • no feedback or comparator
  • no modifications while in progress
  • inflexible
  • most effective in stable environments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Open Loop Example

A

-traffic light continues to go even if an accident takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Motor Program determines

A
  • which muscles to contract
  • in what order
  • when
  • for how long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Practice helps build motor programs that are:

A
  • more stable
  • more precise
  • longer-operating
  • combo of those
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Practice stored in

A

long term memory. must be retrieved and prepared for initiation during response programming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most tasks are:

A

a mix of open and closed loop system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reaction Time is longer with:

A
  • more info to process
  • more limbs must be coordinated
  • duration of movements becomes longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Startle Reaction

A

unexpected event causes a severe reaction

-accompanied by contraction of face/neck and protective movements of upper limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Startle Reaction motor program

A
  • executive prepares motor program in advance
  • signal released by executive is hastened
  • executor may be bypassed altogether
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Roles of Open Loop (muscles)

A

determine:

  • forcefulness
  • duration
  • which ones contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Roles of Open Loop

A
  • organize degrees of freedom of muscles and joints
  • initiate postural adjustments for support of action
  • modulate reflexive pathways to ensure movement goal is met
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anticipatory Adjustments

A

motor system compensates before the movement is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Generalized Motor Program Theory

A
  • stored pattern
  • stored program is adjusted at time of movement execution
  • allows action to be changed slightly to meet environmental demands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

invariant features of motor program

A

make a pattern appear the same time after time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

surface features of a motor program

A

aspects that allow change in a movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

GMP Movement Production

A
  • stimulus id phase
  • response selection phase
  • GMP retrieved from long term memory
  • movement programming stage (motor program is prepared)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

movement parameters

A
  • speed of movement
  • amplitude
  • limb used
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

invariant features of a GMP

A
  • relative timing (rhythm) (timing preserved)

- classes of movements (“throwing”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GMP Parameters

A
  • movement time
  • movement amplitude
  • effectors (movement can be modulated by using a different limb to produce same action)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fitt’s Law

A

movement time is consistent whenever the ratio of the movement amplitude to target width remains constant

  • MT increases as ratio of A to W increases
  • long movements+wide targets = short movements + narrow targets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

haste makes waste?

A

accuracy decreases as speed increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

speed accuracy trade off

A

people tend to give up speed in order to trade speed for accuracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
slower movements are more accurate
- more time to detect errors and make corrections | - MT increases when # of corrections needed increases
25
Linear speed accuracy trade off
if movement distance increases, MT can be decreased and accuracy can be maintained during rapid tasks
26
sources of error in rapid movements
-force is inconsistent over successive trials ex- hitting a nail with hammer -as MT decreases, forces exerted must increase -contraction force increases = more variability -movement inaccuracy increases as MT decreases
27
exceptions to speed accuracy trade off
- very forceful movements are consistent spatially - force variability levels off as force approaches max -temporal accuracy (decrease MT = decrease error)
28
Bimanual Aiming tasks
- MT and kinematics for both limbs are determined by a joint command
29
Continuous Bimanual Tasks
controlling continuous movement of two limbs, each with its own spatial or temporal goal ex) rubbing head while patting tummy
30
differential method
-differences between and among people
31
ability
a fundamental characteristic of different individuals that tends to underlie particular skills -largely inherited and unmodifiable by practice
32
individual differences
- stable & enduring - measurable characteristic - or in terms of performance
33
skill
- proficiency at a particular task - can be modified by practice - countless in number
34
ability sets limits for performance
- body type | - personality
35
General Motor Ability Hypothesis
- single inherited motor ability is assumed - underlies all movements - "all around athlete" good at all motor tasks
36
Henry's Specificity Hypothesis
If person does well on motor task A, they will do well on motor task B -assumed strong general motor ability
37
Correlations among various skills
- unless tasks are very similar, no correlation success during skills - there are many abilities vs single general motor ability
38
Types of Motor Ability
- reaction time - response orientation(quick choices among a # of alternative moves) - speed of movement - finger dexterity - manual dexterity - response integration - physical fitness
39
Superability
- may be a very weak general factor underlying most movement skills - gives slight advantage
40
criterion skill
ultimate skill in which person is interested | -how to find someone with the "right" abilities for a particular sport
41
advantages of prediction
- novices can be directed - reduce training time - training more focused
42
Fleishman & Hempel Study
- pushing switches in response to lights (RT) - discrimination RT is fairly large contributor to performance, increases from 20% to 40% - become less reliant on abilities - performance depended on different abilites at the start of practice (spatial relations) than at the end (rate of arm movement)
43
Motor Learning Theory
set of ideas used to explain the acquisition and modification of movements -several theories
44
Motor Learning
process of acquiring the capability for skilled action - results from experience or practice - inferred based on behavior, not measured directly - produces permanent behavior changes
45
learned behavior
- evident on a retention test | - skill can be generalized
46
most effective practice conditions lead to
accurate performance in a novel version/scenario/setting
47
goals of practice and training
long-term retention generalizability task learning resistant to altered contexts
48
Intrinsic feedback
- info gathered through an individuals available senses - occurs as the person is performing the movement skill - compared to a learned reference of correctness
49
extrinsic feedback
- provided verbally to the learner (by another) - supplements intrinsic feedback - can be provided as knowledge of results or of performance
50
Knowledge of Results
- postaction info feedback - about the movement outcome - provides error and modifications - helps keep the learner alert and motivated
51
Knowledge of Performance
- post-action info about the correctness of movement pattern | - directed towards improving the movement pattern
52
Strongest influence on motor learning
practice
53
massed practice
- continuous practice with no rest periods | - or practice sessions during which the practice time is longer than the rest period between practices
54
distributed practice
- interspersed practice - more time spent resting between practice sessions - enhances performance and learning more than massed practice (for continuous tasks)
55
whole-task practice
-practicing the entire activity
56
part-task practice
- practicing components of the activity - unless the component parts are subskills of each other or natural components of the task, part practice is not as beneficial as whole practice
57
mental practice
performing or running through the activity in one's mind without physical practice - can't replace physical practice but can help with tasks requiring accuracy - triggers neural circuits underlying previously learned physical movement sequences
58
constant practice
practicing the same movement task in the same way for every trial -no variations in task conditions
59
varying practice
- altering the conditions of the task across practice trials - more effective than constant practice
60
schedule of practice
- how different tasks practiced together are grouped or ordered in a session - multitask practice
61
Contextual Interference Effect | blocked practice
- learner learns better during the practice session | - less retention/memory for the skills later
62
Contextual Interference Effect | random practice
- more controlled/strategic cognitive processing - more opportunities for changing the action plan - may perform poorly during practice but - more cognitive efforts = more memory and generalization
63
most successful learning
variety of tasks in a nonsystematic way
64
physical guidance is
no more effective than allowing a learner to engage in unguided practice
65
organized movement patterns
movement synergies or coordinative structures
66
children with movement difficulties
- may not solve problems in a typical way - extrinsic sources of feedback that focus a child's attention on specific aspects of the task and sensory cues may be important - little research
67
optimal feedback control
- accurate prediction of consequences of motor demands - combine predictions with sensory feedback to form judgment - use estimate to adjust the gains of sensorimotor feedback loop
68
skilled athletes
- performance continues to improve with task-relevant practice over indefinitely - rate of improvement declines over time
69
factors important for skill learning in sport
- explicit awareness - attention - motivation - reward in adaptation
70
importance of coaches
- directs the trials and errors - reduce space that needs to be explored - assists in choosing the optimal long-term strategy
71
neurocognitive skill development; | increased perceptual skill is associated with...?
- map expansion - alteration in temporal response of neurons - improved attention at subconscious level
72
automaticity
- not necessarily indicative of high proficiency | - false ceiling
73
motivation may improve motor performance through
- general arousing or energizing effect | - goal specific component
74
results of practice
- gain in underlying capability for skilled performance | - then improved capability leads to improved performance
75
performance does not equal
learning
76
motor learning
set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent gains in the capability for skilled performance
77
learning results from
practice and experience
78
observing learning
- not direct; must observe products of learning - CNS alterations occur during practice - products of learning can be measured via changes in skill
79
changes in learning occur in
- decision-making processes | - movement control processes
80
learning requires permanent changes
-temporary effects can change performance
81
measuring motor learning
performance curves= average performance of large # of people practicing a task - large changes occur early in practice and level out later on - dont indicate progress in permanent capability - all subjects do not improve at the same rate
82
transfer designs
- used to determine whether effects are permanent or temporary - retention test is given - paddles on hands for swimming to keep fingers together, then take paddles off and see if fingers stay together
83
break down skills not as effective for
rapid skills (tennis serve)
84
specific transfer
- limited range of variations | - bball free throw
85
generalized transfer
- learning goal is relatively similar to the training task ex) jump shot in bball - develop general capabilities for a wide variety of skills
86
visualization
- mental imagery - imagining action without physical practice - shown to improve performance - not as good as physical practice but better than none at all
87
how visualization works
- imagining allows physiological creation of neural patterns in your brain, as if you performed the action - trains the mind to create neural patterns
88
mental imagery impacts
- motor control - attention - perception - planning memory