Exam 2 Flashcards
Julia Margaret Cameron
1815-1879
Condemned by some contemporaries for sloppy craftsmanship, she purposely avoided the perfect resolution and minute detail that glass negatives permitted, opting instead for carefully directed light, soft focus, and long exposures that allowed the sitters’ slight movement to register in her pictures, instilling them with an uncommon sense of breath and life
Frances Benjamin Johnston
1864-1952
American Photographer
On opening a professional portrait studio in 1894, she became known for images of presidents, government officials and other notables. In 1904 Johnston joined the Photo-Secession. She was a juror for the second Philadelphia Salon of Photography, received four consecutive Carnegie Foundation grants to document historic gardens and architecture of the South, and was made an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects in 1945. She donated most of her negatives, prints and correspondence to the Library of Congress, Washington, DC, in 1948. Johnston is often referred to as America’s first female photojournalist.
Edward Curtis
1868-1952
American ethnologist and photographer of the American West and of Native American peoples. “The North American Indian” is one of the most significant and controversial representations of traditional American Indian culture ever produced.
George Eastman
1854-1932
American innovator and entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and popularized the use of roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream. After three years of photographic experiments, Eastman had a formula that worked. By 1880, he had not only invented a dry plate formula, but had patented a machine for preparing large numbers of the plates.
Peter Henry Emerson
1856-1936
British writer and photographer. His photographs are early examples of promoting photography as an art form.Emerson’s claim that photography was a pictorial art, ‘superior to etching, woodcutting [and] charcoal drawing. He considered his theory of naturalism scientific and called for ‘differential focusing’, which, supposedly, would give effects similar to human vision. Through use of a long focus lens, diaphragm and camera-back swings, the main subject could be made relatively sharp while other areas were rendered softer. He believed that nature was the scientific first principle of art. He advocated platinum printing or photogravure.
August Sander
1876-1964
German portrait and documentary photographer. First book “Face of our Time” was published in 1929. Sander has been described as “the most important German portrait photographer of the early twentieth century. Sander’s portraits, whether half- or full-length, are always set in a simple environment. He gave a controlled and intentional hint at the origin and profession of the sitter through the background or through clothes, hairstyle and gesture. His individual approach determined the nature of his work and guaranteed him an outstanding position in international documentary photography.
Paul Outerbridge
1896-1958
American Photographer known for his early use and experiments in color photography. He was a designer and illustrator in New York before turning to photography in the 1920s. In 1925, having established himself as an innovative advertising photographer and graphic designer, he moved to Paris and he met Edward Steichen, with whom he developed a friendly rivalry. Around 1930, having returned to New York, Outerbridge began to experiment with color photography, in particular the carbro-color process. He focused primarily on female nudes–striking, full-color images that were ahead of their time. The growing popularity of the dye transfer process lead to cheaper color photographs and Outerbridge, who stuck fast to the carbro process as superior in its richness and permanence, saw his commercial work dry up, leaving him without a regular source of income.
Germaine Krull
1897-1985
Photographer and Political Activist
Her photographs include avant-garde montages, ironic studiesof female nudes, press propaganda shots, as well as some of the mostsuccessful commercial and fashion images of her day.
Hannah Hoch
1889-1978
German Dada artist. She is best known for her work of the Weimar period, when she was one of the originators of photomontage. appropriated and rearranged images and text from the mass media to critique the failings of the Weimar German Government. Höch drew inspiration from the collage work of Pablo Picasso and fellow Dada exponent Kurt Schwitters, and her own compositions share with those artists a similarly dynamic and layered style.
Getrude Kasebeir
1852-1934
American Photographer. She began her professional photographic career c. 1894, as a magazine illustrator, and then c. 1898 she opened a portrait studio on Fifth Avenue in New York. Her simplified portrait style dispensed with scenic backdrops and fancy furniture and was soon widely emulated. her studies of mothers and children as well as her portraits were acclaimed at major photographic exhibitions such as the Philadelphia Photographic Salons. Founder-member of the Photo-Secession in 1902. During the second and third decades of the 20th century she was allied with the Pictorial Photographers of America. Käsebier generally printed in platinum or gum bichromate emulsions and frequently altered her photographs by retouching a negative or by rephotographing an altered print
Edward Steichen
1879-1973
American photographer, painter, and art gallery and museum curator. Founding member of the Photo-Secession group. He teamed up with Alfred Stieglitz (American, 1864–1946) to form the Photo-Secession group, which sought to promote photography as a form of Fine Art. Portraits of celebrities and artists from the 1920s and 1930s evoked a deep insight in character. He worked as a fashion photographer for leading fashion magazines such as Vanity Fair and Vogue. Steichen is also remembered for the monumental role he played in organizing the U.S. Navy’s photography department during the Second World War.
Laszlo Moholy-Nagy
Hungarian painter, designer, film maker, theorist, photographer as well as a professor in the Bauhaus school. He was highly influenced by constructivism and a strong advocate of the integration of technology and industry into the arts. His ideologies related to the relationship between space, time and light and the interaction of man with these forces. His great achievement was that he applied his mystical outlook to highly practical enterprises and always recognized the purpose behind his creativity.
Eadward Muybridge
Muybridge’s most important motion studies were published in 1887 as Animal Locomotion, a collection of 781 plates that described, in sequential frames, human beings and other creatures engaged in diverse characteristic activities. Muybridge’s work, on the other hand, recorded many thousands of individual optical facts, almost all of which looked unfamiliar.
F. Holland Day
1864-1933
American photographer and publisher. He was the first in the U.S.A. to advocate that photography should be considered a fine art.best known for his controversial “sacred subjects” in which he posed himself as Jesus Christ, Day quickly moved to the forefront of American photography with his portraiture and his later mythological series. Day was probably the first great photographer of the male nude.
Man Ray
1890-1976
American visual artist who spent most of his career in France. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. Man Ray met French artist Marcel Duchamp, and together they collaborated on many inventions and formed the New York group of Dada artists. In 1921, Ray moved to Paris and became associated with the Parisian Dada and Surrealist circles of artists and writers. His experiments with photography included rediscovering how to make “camera-less” pictures, which he called rayographs.
