Exam 2 Flashcards
Wavelength determines
The color or hue
Wavelength
Distance crest to crest
Nanometer is a unit of measure
Human visible spectrum
360-760nm
Anatomy of the eye
Cornea Iris Pupil Lens Retina
Photoreceptors
Rods and cones
Cones/photopic is best at
Yellow green when light adapted
Rods/Scotopic is best at
Blue green when dark adapted
Erytholabe
Red (L-570nm)
Chlorolabe
Green (M-535nm)
Cyanolabe
Blue (S-445nm)
Monochromatism
2 of the 3 cone pigments are absent
Protagonist
No L pigment
Deuteranopia
No M pigment
Tritanopia
No S pigment
Protoanomaly
Deficient L cone red 7% of males
Deuteranomaly
Deficient M cone
Photopic Vision
Light vision
Day active animals
Cone based
Color
Scotopic vision
Dark vision
Nocturnal animals
Rod based
No color
Light Adaptation
Very fast
Dark Adaptation
Cones take five minutes
Rods take 25-30 minutes
Static monocular cues
Interposition Aerial perspective Shading and light Shading and shape Elevation Linear perspective Texture gradients Relative size Familiar size
Dynamic monocular cues
Motion parallax
Accommodation
Artificial gradients and driving speed
Binocular cues
Convergence
Binocular disparity
Range of hearing
20 HZ to 20,000 Hz
Sones
40 db at 1000 Hz
Phons
1 dB at 1000 Hz
Outer ear
Pinna
External auditory canal
Eardrum
Pinna
Protects
Funnels
Amplifies
External auditory canal
Conducts
Amplifies
Eardrum
Vibrates
Transforms vibration into mechanical motion
Ossicles Impedance matching function Mechanical force magnification Area concentration Eustachian tube Bone conduction
Middle ear
Ossicles
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
Malleus
Hammer
Incus
Anvil
Stapes
Stirrup
Inner ear
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
Organ of Corti
Inner hair cells
Outer hair cells
Inner hair cells
3500
90% of 50,000 neurons
Frequency discrimination
Outer hair cells
20,000
Sensitive to threshold level sound
Perceiving pitch
Place theory
Frequency match theory
Place theory
Totally tonotopic organization and responding
Envelope of traveling wave
Peak is determined by frequency
Frequency matching theory
Entire membrane vibrates
neuron firing rate matches frequency of vibration
Volley firing principle
Auditory Alarms
Omnidirectional receiver \+30 db for salience Do not exceed danger level Startle issue Be informative (directional info?) Minimize confusability Absolute judgement limitations
Designer alarms
Pitch
Envelope
Rhythm
Timbre
Vestibular system
Semicircular canals
Semicircular Canals
3 pairs filled with fluid
90 degree offset for each pair
Motion sickness
Motion sickness
Cue conflict theory
The poison position
Nausea, vomiting,dizziness, cold sweating, over production of saliva
How to prevent:
Reduce head and body movement
Try to match visual and vestibular info (look outside)
Don’t drink, lose sleep, get sick, be stressed, be too warm
Take meds
Skin senses
Tactile
Haptic
proprioception
Kinesthesis
Tactile
BASIC touch
Pressure
Haptics
Integration of touch and position
Sense of object form
Proprioception
Joint position
Kinesthesis
Motion of body parts
