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Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Do cells require a microscope to see them?

A

Nearly all cells do

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1
Q

Are cells extremely diverse?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What is diversity?

A
  1. Shape
  2. Size
  3. Function
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3
Q

Give an example of the diversity of cells.

A

•sperm, egg cell

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4
Q

Our bodies are composed of how many cell types?

A

They are composed of several hundred cell types.

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5
Q

Give examples of different cell types.

A
  1. Nerve cells
  2. Muscle cells
  3. Gland cells
  4. Bone cells
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6
Q

What do nerve cells do?

A

Conduct impulses

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7
Q

What do muscle cells do?

A

Contract

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8
Q

What do gland cells do?

A

Secrete hormones

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9
Q

What do bone cells do?

A

Support

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10
Q

What are all organisms composed of?

A

Cells

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11
Q

What is needed to see most cells?

A

A microscope

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12
Q

What are the microscopes used to see cells?

A
  1. Light microscope
  2. Transmission electron microscope
  3. Scanning electron microscope
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13
Q

What is a light microscope?

A

Reveals inside of cells details

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14
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope?

A

Reveal inside of cells in greater details

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15
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope?

A

Reveals surface features in greater details

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16
Q

Why must cells remain small?

A

cells must remain small in order to have an adequate surface area per cell volume

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17
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A
  1. Prokaryotes and

2. Eukaryotes

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18
Q

What do all cells have?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Genetic material
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19
Q

How is a nucleus different in a Eukaryotic cell than a Prokaryotic cell?

A

Because the nucleus is bounded by a double-membrane

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20
Q

What type of cell is a bacteria cell?

A

A bacteria cell is a prokaryote

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21
Q

What do prokaryotic cells possess?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cell wall
  3. capsule
  4. DNA in nucleoid zone
  5. Ribosomes
    6, Apendages
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22
Q

List the parts of an appendage of a cell.

A
  1. Fimbriae
  2. conjugation pilus
  3. flagellum
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23
Q

What does a fimbriae do?

A

attachment

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24
Q

what does a conjugation pilus do?

A

asexual reproduction

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25
Q

What does a flagellum do?

A

movement

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26
Q

What does the plasma membrane mark?

A

It marks the boundary between the outside and inside of a cell

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27
Q

What is the plasma membrane in prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer

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28
Q

What does a phospholipid bilayer do?

A

It regulates the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell

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29
Q

Can the phospholipid bilayer be likened to a sandwich?

A

yes

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30
Q

What does the fluid-mosaic model of the membrane structure show?

A

That the membrane proteins form a mosaic (varying) pattern

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31
Q

What is mosaic?

A

varying

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32
Q

Why fluid?

A

substances always moving in and out

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33
Q

Why mosaic?

A
  1. Different displays of patterns of the structural material

2. many different structural materials

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34
Q

How many types of embedded proteins are there?

A

6-types

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35
Q

List the 6 types of proteins.

A
  1. Channel proteins
  2. Transport proteins
  3. cell recognition proteins
  4. receptor proteins
  5. Enzymatic proteins
  6. Junction proteins
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36
Q

What are Channel proteins?

A
  1. Allows for selective movement

2. determines what enters and leaves the cell

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37
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

convey Na+ and K+ across nerve cell membrane

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38
Q

What is an ion?

A

If an element has a charge

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39
Q

What is Na+ called?

A

sodium ion

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40
Q

What are cell recognition proteins?

A
  1. are glycoproteins
  2. they distinguish between human cells and other organisms
  3. they protect from pathogenic invasion
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41
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A
  1. the hormone insulin binds to a receptor protein in liver cells
  2. and cause these cells to store glucose
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42
Q

What are enzymatic proteins?

A
  1. metabolic reactions
  2. degradative reactions
  3. synthetic reactions
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43
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

speed up metabolic reactions

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44
Q

What are junction proteins?

A
  1. assist cell-to-cell adhesion and communication

2. prevents separation and tearing of cells

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45
Q

Are Eukaryotic cells larger than Prokaryotic cells?

A

yes

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46
Q

What are organelles?

A

double membrane-bound structure in plant and animal cells

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47
Q

List some organelle’s that are in cells.

A
  1. nucleus
  2. vesicles
  3. mitochondrion
  4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum-RER
  5. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum-SER
  6. Lysosome
  7. Golgi apparatus
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48
Q

What does RER stand for?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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49
Q

What does SER stand for?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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50
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

houses chromatin, which contains DNA-the genetic material

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51
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A
  1. is contained within the nucleus

2. and produces ribosomes

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52
Q

What are ribosomes?

A
  1. In the cytoplasm

2. Synthesizes proteins

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53
Q

What organelles makes up the endomembrane system?

A
  1. RER

2. SER

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54
Q

What is RER?

A

Protein synthesis

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55
Q

What is SER?

A
  1. synthesizes lipids

2. and form transport vesicles

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56
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. receives transport vesicles
  2. and modifies, sorts, and repackages protein into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs
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57
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  1. produced by Golgi Apparatus;

2. Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion

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58
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

larger membranous sacs specialized in-storage, contraction, digestion, etc.

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59
Q

What are vesicles?

A

smaller membranous sacs- transportation

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60
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A
  1. Capture sunlight energy
  2. Carry out photosynthesis
  3. produces carbohydrates
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61
Q

What organism does photosynthesis occur in?

A

Only occurs in plants

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62
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

energy

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63
Q

What is a mitochondrion?

A
  1. breaks down carbohydrates,

2. produces ATP (adenosinetriphosphate) during cellular respiration

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64
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosinetriphosphate

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65
Q

How do consumers produce energy?

A

consumers/animals produce energy during cellular respiration

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66
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A
  1. maintains cell shape

2. and allows the cell and organelles to move

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67
Q

What are the structural components?

A
  1. microtubules,
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. actin filaments
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68
Q

What are motor proteins?

A
  1. allows cellular movement to occur

2. and moves vesicles and organelles within the cell

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69
Q

give an example of motor proteins.

A

myosin (interacts with actin)

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70
Q

What are centrioles?

A

are short cylinders of microtubules

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71
Q

Where are centrioles in animals and protists?

A

2 centrioles lie outside nucleus

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72
Q

Do plant cells have centrioles?

A

Plant cells lack centrioles

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73
Q

What is the function of centrioles+ centrosomes?

A
  1. produce spindle fibers

2. cell division

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74
Q

what are cilia and flagella?

A

hair-like projections: locomotion

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75
Q

What is the cylindrical construction of cilia and flagella?

A
  1. cylindrical construction:

- 9+2 pattern of microtubules

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76
Q

What do plant cells posess?

A
  1. a permeable cell wall,

2. and cellulose as its main component

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77
Q

What do some plants have?

A

a secondary (2*) cell wall

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78
Q

Lignin + cellulose = ?

A

rigidity

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79
Q

What is the plasmodesmata?

A
  1. membrane-lined channels in cell wall;

2. materials movement through an opening from cell to cell

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80
Q

What is an extracellular matrix?

A
  1. Proteins and polysaccharides;

2. support and communication between cells

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81
Q

What are adhesion junctions and tight junctions?

A

hold cells together

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82
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

allow passage of small molecules between cells

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83
Q

How do plant cells get energy?

A

through photosynthesis

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84
Q

What does mitochrondrial =?

A

animal (cellular respiration)

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85
Q

what does photosynthesis use?

A

chloroplasts

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86
Q

What does photosynthesis transform solar energy into?

A

the chemical energy of a carbohydrate

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87
Q

What are some photosynthetic organisms?

A
  1. plants
  2. algae
  3. cyanobacteria
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88
Q

What do photosynthetic organisms produce?

A

enormous amounts of carbohydrates

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89
Q

What do photosynthetic organisms have?

A

chloroplasts

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90
Q

How do photosynthetic organisms sustain themselves and all other living organisms?

A

(few exceptions-produce energy via chemical means)

91
Q

Where do most food chains lead back to?

A

plants

92
Q

What are producers?

A

plants

93
Q

What do producers do?

A
  1. synthesize carbohydrates,
  2. feed themselves,
  3. feed consumers
94
Q

What must consumers take in?

A

preformed organic molecules

95
Q

What is coal?

A
  1. bodies of plants

2. we burn coal today

96
Q

How long did it take to form coal?

A

hundreds of thousands of years

97
Q

Is coal fossil fuel?

A

yes

98
Q

What is used as fuel?

A

wood of trees

99
Q

How is alcohol produced?

A

fermentation of plant materials

100
Q

What is alcohol used to fuel?

A
  1. automobiles directly

2. or as a gasoline additive

101
Q

What is alcohol used for?

A
  1. human consumption,

2. automotive

102
Q

What color is photosynthesis?

A

greenish

103
Q

What makes up a leaf?

A
  1. veins

2. stomata

104
Q

What do the veins absorb?

A

H20

105
Q

What does the stomata absorb?

A

CO2

106
Q

What does H2O and CO2 diffuse into?

A

Mesophyll

107
Q

What does the mesophyll produce?

A

OH2

108
Q

What element is in the cells in leaves?

A

CO2

109
Q

What is in the chlorophyll?

A

Chloroplasts

110
Q

What does the chlorophyll do?

A
  1. Captures sunlight energy

2. Solar energy absorption

111
Q

What is needed for photosynthesis?

A
  1. CO2
  2. H2O
    • solar E
112
Q

What is in a leaf?

A
  1. veins

2. stomata

113
Q

What is inside the veins?

A

mesophyll

114
Q

What is inside the mesophyll?

A

Chlorophyll

115
Q

What is inside the chlorophyll?

A

Chloroplasts

116
Q

What does the green portion of plants do?

A

particularly the leaves, carry on photosynthesis

117
Q

What does CO2 in the air enter?

A

The many spaces of mesophyll tissue through small openings

118
Q

What is the stomata?

A

the many spaces of mesophyll tissue in small openings

119
Q

What do the roots of plants do?

A
  1. absorb water,
  2. which moves in the vascular tissue up the stem to leaves
  3. where it exits at leaf veins
120
Q

Where does CO2 + H2O diffuse to?

A
  1. mesophyll cells

2. and then into chloroplasts

121
Q

What are the organelles that carry out photosynthesis?

A

the chloroplasts

122
Q

What is the stroma?

A

a double membrane surrounds a fluid

123
Q

What does a 3rd membrane system within the stroma forms?

A

flattened sacs

124
Q

What are thylakoids?

A
  1. flattened sacs

2. are stacks of grana

125
Q

What is the space within each thylakoid connected to?

A

all other thylakoid spaces

126
Q

What is a thylakoid space?

A

thylakoid spaces form an inner compartment within the chloroplast

127
Q

Where does the chlorophyll and other pigments reside?

A

within the membranes of the thylakoids

128
Q

What do these pigments within the thylakoid absorb?

A

solar energy

129
Q

What is solar energy?

A

the energy that drives photosynthesis

130
Q

What do the complexes within the thylakoid membrane do?

A

that convert solar energy into chemical form useable by the enzymes in the stroma

131
Q

What is the stroma?

A
  1. the stroma is an enzyme-rich solution
  2. in which CO2 is the 1st attached to an organic compound
  3. and then reduced to a carbohydrate using the chemical energy provided by the thylakoid membranes
132
Q

what is a carbohydrate?

A

It is the only source of energy for most organisms on earth

133
Q

What produces the carbohydrate?

A

the chloroplasts

134
Q

After the carbohydrate is metabolized by consumers, what happens?

A

they release CO2 into the air

135
Q

What happens to CO2?

A
  1. the same CO2 enters leaves

3. and is converted to a carbohydrate

136
Q

What is the relationship between producers and consumers?

A

it is an intrinsic part of the intricate web of life on planed earth

137
Q

What are producers?

A

plants

138
Q

What are consumers?

A

animals

139
Q

What does the photosynthetic process produce?

A

it produces food and oxygen

140
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

in a chloroplast

141
Q

What is the photosynthetic process?

A
  1. it is a process in which water is oxidized (split)

2. and CO2 is reduced using solar energy

142
Q

how many versions of the photosynthesis equation are there?

A

there are two versions

143
Q

What is the short version of the photosynthesis equation?

A

Solar E + CO2 + H2O = (CH2O) + O2

144
Q

What is the long version of the photosynthesis equation?

A

Photo E + 6CO2 + 6H2O + C6H12O6 + 6O2

145
Q

What is the name of C6H12O6?

A

glucose

146
Q

What is another name for glucose?

A

carbohydrate

147
Q

What does photo + synthesis = ?

A
  1. Photosynthesis;
  2. 2 processes;
  3. requiring 2 sets of reactions
148
Q

What are the two sets of reactions in photosynthesis?

A
  1. light reactions

2. calvin cycle reactions

149
Q

Where do light reactions take place at?

A

thylakoid membranes

150
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll in light reactions?

A
  1. absorbs solar E

2. and energizes electrons

151
Q

What is ATP produced from?

A

ADP + PO4 = ATP

152
Q

What helps to produce ATP?

A

with the help of an electron transport chain

153
Q

What does ETC stand for?

A

Electron Transport Chain

154
Q

What is NADP+?

A
  1. an enzyme helper accept electrons

2. and becomes NADPH

155
Q

What does NADP+ stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phospate

156
Q

What is formed from light reactions?

A
  1. ATP

2. and NADPH are formed

157
Q

Where do calvin cycle reactions take place at?

A

in the stroma

158
Q

What happens to CO2 during the calvin cycle?

A

CO2 uptake is taken up by one of the molecules in the cycle

159
Q

what does ATP and NADPH from light reactions do?

A

ATP and NADPH reduce (converted) CO2 to a carbohydrate

160
Q

What does a carbohydrate use?

A

It uses ATP and NADPH

161
Q

What is oxidation in organisms?

A

removal of H-atoms

162
Q

What is oxidation in nonliving things?

A

addition of o2

163
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

production of energy in cells

164
Q

What is required for your muscles to contract?

A

ATP molecules

165
Q

What is produced during cellular respiration?

A

ATP molecules

166
Q

What does cellular respiration require the participation of?

A

the mitochondrion

167
Q

What does the mitochondrion in the cell take in?

A
  1. it takes in o2,

2. and releases co2 just as we breathe

168
Q

what does just as we breathe in/out =?

A

cellular respiration

169
Q

Why do we breathe?

A

because of cellular respiration

170
Q

What is a fundamental part of cellular respiration?

A

oxidation of substrates

171
Q

What does oxidation in living things =?

A

removal of H-atoms from a molecule

172
Q

What happens during cellular respiration?

A
  1. H-atoms removed from glucose

2. and glucose products are transferred to O-atoms, forming CO2 + H2O

173
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2—> 6CO2 + 6H2O + (ATP)

174
Q

What molecules are involved during oxidation?

A

between C6H12O6 and CO2

175
Q

What molecules are involved in reduction?

A

between 6O2 and 6H2O

176
Q

Is photosynthesis and respiration similar to each other?

A

they are opposites

177
Q

What happens to C6H12O6 during cellular respiration?

A

It’s broken down

178
Q

What happens during cellular respiration?

A
  1. carbohydrates are oxidized to release energy
  2. oxygen is consumed
  3. CO2 and H2O; formed as by-products
179
Q

What is formed during photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6

180
Q

What does photosynthesis use CO2 for?

A

CO2 is reduced to form carbohydrate

181
Q

What does cellular respiration use carbohydrates for?

A
  1. carbohydrate is oxidized

2. and CO2 formed

182
Q

What are the phases of complete glucose breakdown?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. preparatory reaction
  3. citric acid cycle or krebs cycle
  4. The electron transport chain
183
Q

What happens in complete glucose breakdown?

A
  1. in a cell, glucose is broken down slowly

2. hydrogen atoms are removed bit-by-bit; it allows energy to be captured and used to make ATP molecules

184
Q

Where does glycolysis take place at?

A

cytoplasm

185
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A
  • It breaks down glucose into:
    1. 2 pyruvate molecules
    2. 2 ATPs
    3. NADH- used for further ATP production
186
Q

What happens in preparatory reaction?

A
  1. matrix of mitochondria
  2. no ATP molecules are produced
  3. enzymes produced
  4. pyruvate oxidized —> NADH +CO2
187
Q

What is an enzyme?

A
  1. biological catalysm
  2. mostly proteins
  3. speed up chemical reactions
  4. lower activation energy
188
Q

What is another name for the citric acid cycle?

A

krebs cycle

189
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place at?

A

matrix of mitochondrion

190
Q

What happens during the citric acid cycle?

A
  1. oxidation produces: NADH, FADH2
  2. CO2 released
  3. 2 ATP per glucose molecule
191
Q

What are FAD and NAD?

A

coenzymes

192
Q

What does NADH stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

193
Q

What does FADH2 stand for?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

194
Q

What does ETC stand for?

A

Electron Transport Chain

195
Q

What does the Electron Transport Chain do?

A
  1. Electron carriers in the cistae of the mitochondron
  2. NADH and FADH2: give up electrons to the chain
  3. energy is released and captured as the electrons move from a higher energy to a lower energy state
  4. released energy is used to produce ATP
  5. O2= final electron acceptor: combines with H+ to produce: OH —> H+ + O2 = OH2
  6. 34 ATP molecules formed; 2 ATPs are used up for a net total of 32 ATPs
196
Q

How many total ATPs are made in the complete glucose breakdown phases?

A

36 total ATPs produced

197
Q

What is cellular reproduction?

A

division of cells

198
Q

What is the basics of cellular reproduction?

A
  1. cellular reproduction occurs when:
    a. growth and
    b. repair of tissues take place
  2. It’s also necessary to both
    a. asexual and
    b. sexual reproduction
199
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46

200
Q

What happens in a human after fertilization?

A

a single cell becomes a multicellular organism by cellular reproduction

201
Q

cellular reproduction involves what two processes?

A
  1. growth

2. cell division

202
Q

What happens in the growth of a cell?

A
  1. cell grows

2. and doubles its contents

203
Q

What happens in cell division?

A
  1. parent’s cell content are split among 2-daughter cells;

2. one half of cytoplasm and DNA are passed onto each daughter cell

204
Q

What happens in the mitotic stage?

A
  1. Nuclear division-
  2. PMAT cell divide-
  3. cytokinesis
205
Q

What are the 3 stages of Interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
206
Q

What happens at the Interphase stage?

A

preparation to divide

207
Q

What is another name for G1?

A

Gap 1

208
Q

What happens during G1?

A
  1. cell doubles its organelles and

2. accumulates materials needed for DNA replication

209
Q

What happens in S-phase?

A

cell replicates DNA

210
Q

What is another name for G2?

A

gap 2

211
Q

What happens in G2?

A

cell synthesizes protein

212
Q

What are the telling signs of mitosis in cells?

A
  1. 2 daughter cells produced from an original parent cell

2. daughter cell= same number of chromosomes as parent cell

213
Q

What are some facts about the mitotic stage?

A
  1. consists of mitosis to cytokinesis

2. daughter nuclei genetically identical to parent nucleus and to each other

214
Q

What is another name for cell division?

A
  1. mitosis

2. and cytokinesis

215
Q

What does cell division include?

A
  1. mitosis
  2. and cytokinesis
  3. or cytoplasmic division
216
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. cytokinesis
217
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  1. chromosomes condense
  2. spindles begin to assemble
  3. nucleolus disappears; nuclear membrane breaks down
  4. spindle attach to centromere of chromosome
218
Q

What happens at metaphase?

A
  1. chromosomes aligned at the spindle equator

2. midway between the spindle poles

219
Q

What happens at anaphase?

A
  1. sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes
  2. microtubules attached to chromosomes disassemble
  3. each pole receives set of daughter chromosomes
  4. poleward movement of chromosomes
220
Q

What happens at telophase?

A
  1. spindle disappears
  2. nuclear envelope forms around new daughter cells
  3. each new nucleus contains same numbers and kinds of chromosomes as the original parental nucleus
  4. division of cytoplasm begins
221
Q

What happens at cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

furrowing process involving actin filaments divide the cytoplasm

222
Q

What is furrow formation?

A

division of plasma membrane

223
Q

What happens at cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

a cell plate forms from which the plasma membrane and cell wall develop (cell plate formation)

224
Q

What is geometric in a cell?

A

2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64

Biological Science (5 decks)

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