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Biological Science > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Science is the organized body of what?

A

Knowledge that is derived from such observations and that can be verified or tested by further investigation.

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1
Q

Science is the systematic observation of what?

A

Natural events and conditions in order to discover facts about them and to formulate laws and principles based on these facts.

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2
Q

Science is the study of what?

A

Any specific branch of this general body of knowledge, such as biology, physics, geology, astronomy.

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3
Q

What makes up natural science?

A

Our environment = natural environment

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4
Q

What are natural processes?

A

Material that comes from Earth.

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5
Q

Why is science successful?

A
  1. We have improved the standard of living.
  2. Expanded our ability to travel and communicate.
  3. Enhanced our ability to travel and communicate.
  4. We have conquered terrible diseases.
  5. Explored the universe.
  6. Learned extraordinary amount in a very short time.
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6
Q

Give an example of a natural process.

A

Growing a plant.

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7
Q

What types of questions does science ask?

A

Why?

How?

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8
Q

What guides science?

A

Laws

Principles

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9
Q

What does science study?

A

The laws and principles that govern science.

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10
Q

Has science made a big impact?

A

Yes, science has made a big impact.

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11
Q

What is peer review?

A

Been examined by other professionals in your field.

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12
Q

Give some examples of professional journals.

A

Journal of Ecology

Journal of Nutrition

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13
Q

What is Frontier science?

A

Is information from ongoing research efforts reported at scientific meetings and/or interned.

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14
Q

What level of peer review does Frontier Science go through?

A

0 level

No peer review

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15
Q

What is primary scientific literature?

A

Is contained in the scientific Journals most often published by organizations within the scientific community.

Is more reliable than the frontier knowledge.

At least one level of peer review.

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16
Q

What level of peer review does primary scientific literature go through?

A

1st level of peer review

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17
Q

What is secondary scientific literature?

A

Consists of review articles and monographs that sift and synthesize the primary literature.

Includes another level of peer review.

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18
Q

What level of peer review does secondary scientific literature go through?

A

2nd level of peer review

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19
Q

What is textbook science?

A

Is the result of more sifting of the research information and the secondary literature.

Generally, this is the most reliable of scientific knowledge, provided the author of the text was fair and impartial in the presentation of the material.

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20
Q

What level of review is textbook science?

A

3rd level of peer review

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21
Q

What is biology?

A

The scientific study of life.

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22
Q

How does science differ from other fields of studies?

A

By its process, which often involve the use of a scientific method.

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23
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment/further observations
  4. Conclusion
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24
Q

What types of observations might a scientist use?

A
  1. Smell, touch, taste, temperature changes
  2. Macroscopic and microscopic observations
  3. Previous literature, contacts with relevant researcher, presentations at seminars/conferences
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25
Q

What does a scientist do after observing a phenomenon?

A

We make observations

And gather knowledge

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26
Q

What do we do after an observation?

A

A scientist uses his/her inductive reasoning ( i.e. Creative thinking) to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole.

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27
Q

What is a hypothesis based on?

A

Existing knowledge

And therefore more informed than a mere guess

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28
Q

What can a hypothesis be supported by?

A

Further studies

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29
Q

What happens if a hypothesis is not supported by further study?

A

It’s modified

And subjected to further study or rejected.

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30
Q

When do scientists consider hypotheses?

A

That can be tested by experiments

Or further observations (testable hypotheses)

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31
Q

What are experiments?

A

A series of procedures to test a hypothesis

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32
Q

What is experimental design?

A

The manner in which the scientist intends to conduct the experiment

The design must be testing what it needs to test

 And the results must be meaningful.
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33
Q

Give an example of experimental design.

A

Investigation to determine the effect of fertilizer on plant growth

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34
Q

Give an example of an experimental variable.

A

Fertilizer

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35
Q

Give an example of test groups.

A

Plants given different levels of fertilizer.

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36
Q

Give an example of a control group.

A

Plants without fertilizer.

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37
Q

What could make an experiment invalid?

A

If a control group shows the same results as a test group.

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38
Q

What is a model?

A

It is a representation of an actual object.

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39
Q

What happens if it’s impossible to study an actual phenomenon?

A

A model remains a hypothesis in need of testing.

40
Q

What is data?

A

The results of an experiment.

41
Q

How is mathematical data often displayed?

A

In the form of a graph or a table.

42
Q

Are scientists skeptics who always pressure each other to keep investigating?

A

Yes

43
Q

Why is data analyzed?

A

In order to reach a conclusion about whether a hypothesis is supported or not.

44
Q

What happens if the results do not support the hypothesis?

A

It can be used to formulate another hypothesis to be tested.

45
Q

Where are findings reported?

A

Into scientific journals

46
Q

Why are findings reported in scientific journals?

A

So that their methodology and data are available to other scientists.

47
Q

Why must experiments and observations be repeatable?

A

So that the reporting scientists and any scientist who repeats the experiment must get the same result.

48
Q

What if the experiment is not repeatable?

A

The data are suspect.

49
Q

What is the ultimate goal of science?

A

Is to understand the natural world in terms of scientific theories.

50
Q

What are scientific theories?

A

Which are accepted explanations for how the world works.

51
Q

Name some theories of biology.

A

Cell Theory

Gene Theory

Theory of Evolution

52
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All organisms are composed of cells.

53
Q

What is the Gene Theory?

A

Inherited information dictates the form, function, and behavior of organisms

54
Q

What is the Theory of Evolution?

A

All organisms have a common ancestor

And each one is adapted to a particular way of life.

55
Q

What is the unifying concept of biology?

A

The Theory of Evolution

56
Q

Why is the Theory of Evolution the unifying concept of biology?

A

Because it pertains to many different aspects of organisms.

57
Q

What aspects of organisms does the theory of evolution point to?

A
  1. Enables scientists to understand the history of life
  2. The variety of organisms
  3. And the anatomy, physiology, and development of organisms
58
Q

What has the Theory of Evolution enabled scientists to do?

A

To generate new testable hypothesis

59
Q

How long has the theory of evolution been supported for?

A

Over 100 years.

60
Q

Why has the Theory of Evolution been supported for so long?

A

By many observations and experiments as a consequence

61
Q

What do some biologists refer to the theory of evolution as?

A

As the Principle of Evolution

Or the Law of Evolution

62
Q

Is there diversity in life?

A

Yes, life is very diverse.

63
Q

Do organisms share certain characteristics?

A

Yes

64
Q

What do the shared characteristics of organisms reveal?

A

The nature of life

And also enable us distinguish between organisms and non-living things

65
Q

How complexly organized are living things?

A

They are very complexly organized, from the smallest to the largest.

66
Q

What do small molecules to large molecules to cells have in common?

A

Basic structural units of life

Basic functional units of life

67
Q

Give an example of an unicellular life form.

A

Protista

Protozoa

68
Q

Name two different types of multicellular organisms.

A

Plants

Animals

69
Q

How many different cell types are plants and animals composed of?

A 
5
Cells
Tissues 
Organs
Organ systems 
Complex organism
70
Q

What are the levels of organization in an organism?

A 
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level 
Organ level 
Organ system level
Complex organism level
71
Q

What are the levels of the chemical level?

A

Atoms

Molecules

Organelles

72
Q

What does Protista mean?

A

One-celled

73
Q

What do organisms acquire?

A

Materials

Energy

74
Q

What does food provide?

A

Nutrients and energy

To maintain organization

Homeostasis

75
Q

What are some examples of metabolic activities?

A

Photosynthesis

Respiration

76
Q

What is another name for metabolic activities?

A

Chemical reactions

77
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical process

78
Q

What does responding to their environment do for organisms?

A

It’s the behavior of the organisms

Often results in movement

79
Q

How do microorganisms react to light and chemicals?

A

Microorganisms move away or toward light and chemicals

80
Q

What do birds do during seasons?

A

They migrate

81
Q

How far away can vultures smell meat?

A

A mile away

82
Q

Give an example of external stimulus.

A

Cold weather outside

83
Q

What do living things arise from?

A

Other living things

84
Q

Are living things capable of reproducing themselves?

A

Yes

85
Q

How do microorganisms reproduce themselves?

A

Cell division

Mitosis

86
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division

87
Q

How do multicellular organisms reproduce?

A

By the fusion of a sperm and egg cell

88
Q

What are the levels of reproduction of multicellular organisms?

A 
Sperm + egg = fertilization 
Zygote 
Preembyro 
Fetus 
Immature individual/grows
Adult
89
Q

Where do genes come from?

A

DNA

90
Q

Where are our genes inherited from?

A

Our parents

91
Q

What are our genes?

A

They’re specific,

and characterize a species.

92
Q

Why do organisms reproduce?

A

Continuity of species

Growth

93
Q

What does development lead to?

A

Attain adult size

94
Q

How are traits inherited?

A

Parents pass their traits to their offspring

95
Q

Do living things have adaptions?

A

Yes

96
Q

What are adaptions?

A

Adaptions are modifications that make an organism suited to it’s way of life (environment)

97
Q

What are some examples of adaptions?

A 
Flying
Swimming 
Land dwelling 
Mode of feeding 
Etc. . .

Biological Science (5 decks)

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