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Experimental Psych Final > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of operational definition?

A
  1. definition of a concept that specifies the operation required to manipulate or measure the concept.
    - applies to both IV and DV
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2
Q

How would you choose your independent variable levels?

A
  1. three or more levels allow you to observe non-linear relationships.
  2. Conduct pilot studies to choose your levels.
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3
Q

What are things you should watch out for in DV?

A
  1. Try to use established measurements
  2. strive for interval or ration data
  3. Reliability- extent to which measures of the same phenomenon are consistent and repeatable.
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4
Q

How do you measure reliability?

A
  1. Calculate the correlation coefficient
  2. 1 test-retest reliability
  3. 2 inter-rater reliability
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5
Q

What is the validity of a measurement?

A
  1. the extent to which we are measuring what we want to measure.
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6
Q

How do you measure validity?

A
  1. predictive validity- degree to which the measurement predicts future behavior.
  2. Concurrent validity- degree to which the measurement correlates with an established measure. (use more the 1 type of DV)
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7
Q

If your measure is reliable, is it also valid?

A
  1. Not necessarily
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8
Q

If your measure is valid, is it also reliable?

A
  1. Yes: if a measure is unreliable, it must automatically be considered invalid.
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9
Q

What is a between subject design?

A
  1. Each participant is exposed to only ONE level of the IV
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10
Q

What are the advantages of BS design?

A
  1. No carry over effect

2. used for subject variables

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of BS design?

A
  1. possibility of non-equivalent groups
  2. 2 Solutions- large group size
    1. random assignment to groups
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12
Q

What is a WS design?

A
  1. Each participant is exposed to ALL of the levels of the IV.
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13
Q

What are the advantages of WS design?

A
  1. observed effects cannot be due to individual difference.
  2. Fewer participants required
  3. More powerful statistics
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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of WS design?

A
  1. Cant be used for subject variables

2. Possible carryover effects

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15
Q

What are some solutions to the carryover effect?

A
  1. Randomize the order of trials

2. Counter balancing- ordering the presentation of levels so as to minimize or eliminate confounds due to order effect.

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16
Q

What are different examples of counterbalancing?

A
  1. Complete counterbalancing- use every possible order of conditions
  2. Latin Square- a procedure in which each condition appears at every position in the order equally often
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17
Q

When to use a BS design?

A
  1. for subject variables
  2. DV is a permanent change
  3. when you are especially concerned about participant bias.
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18
Q

Precautions for BS designs?

A
  1. random assignment

2. use large number of participants

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19
Q

When should you use a WS design?

A
  1. WHen none of the previous factors apply

2. when you measurement is very sensitive to individual differences

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20
Q

Precautions for WS designs?

A

counterbalance or randomize the order of conditions

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21
Q

What are matched group desings?

A
  1. BS design with non-random assignment

2. Uses same statistics as WS design

22
Q

What are the advantages of MD design?

A
  1. decreases likelihood of non-equivalent data

2. greater statistical power

23
Q

What are the disadvantages of MD?

A
  1. Time consuming
24
Q

What are some important characteristics of experimental design?

A
  1. the number of IV
  2. the number of levels for each IV
  3. Whether each IV is WS or BS
  4. scale of measurement of your DV
25
Q

What type of design would you use for 1IV with two levels?

A
  1. t-test
  2. 1 BS-> independent group t-test
  3. 2 WS or MD-> paired group t test
26
Q

What are the advantages of single variable design?

A

relatively simple

27
Q

what are the disadvantages of single variable design?

A
  1. difficult to determine appropriate range of IV

2. Cannot infer the shape of a function from only 2 points.

28
Q

What type of design would you use for 1IV with multilevels?

A

Anova

  1. BS-> one-way BS ANOVA
  2. WS-> one-way WS ANOVA
29
Q

what are the advantages to 1IV multilevel design?

A
  1. range of IV is less critical

2. can infer shape of functions

30
Q

What are the disadvantages of 1IV multilevel design

A
  1. more participants (or time) needed
  2. counterbalancing is more difficult
  3. statistics more complicated
31
Q

What is the design matrix for factorial designs?

A
  1. indicates the # of IV and the number of levels for each (3x4)
32
Q

What factorial design for different variables?

A
  1. 2 IVs-> use a 2 way ANOVA

2. 3 IVs-> use a three-way ANOVA

33
Q

What are the three types of ANOVA

A
  1. All factors (IVs) are BS
  2. All Factors are WS (or matched)
  3. At least one BS & one WS factor
34
Q

How do you interpret factorial designs?

A
  1. Main Effects- difference between 2 or more levels of ONE of your IVs
  2. 1 it is possible to have a main effect for each IV in your design.
35
Q

How do interpret interactions in factorial designs?

A
  1. occur between two or more IVs in your design
36
Q

What are the advantages of factorial designs?

A
  1. more efficient that conducting separate experiments for each IV
  2. improves experimental control
  3. can investigate interactions between IVs
37
Q

What are disadvantages of factorial designs?

A
  1. statistics become more complicated

2. results can be difficult to interpret

38
Q

What are the two types of stats?

A
  1. descriptive and inferential stats.
39
Q

What are descriptive stats?

A
  1. describes a single distribution of scores

2. measures of association

40
Q

What are inferential stats?

A

used to compare two of more distributions.

41
Q

What is parametric inferential stats?

A
  1. e.g., t-test, ANOVA
  2. used only for interval and ratio data
  3. assume frequency distributions for the population are normal
  4. less conservative/more powerful.
42
Q

What are non parametric inferential stats

A
  1. e.g., chi-square, wilcoxen
  2. many can be used with ordinal or even nominal scales
  3. do not assume normal distribution
  4. moer conservative/less powerful.
43
Q

What is the p-value?

A
  1. probability that observed difference among distributions occurred by chance.
  2. provided by all inferential statistics.
44
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A
  1. finding a significant difference when the results are actually due to chance
45
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A
  1. falling to find a significant difference when there really is one.
46
Q

What is an independent t-test?

A
  1. compares mean and variance of two independent distributions
  2. significance depends on degree of overlap between the distributions.
47
Q

when is the t value more likely to be significant?

A
  1. the difference between means is large.

2. the variances of each distribution are small.

48
Q

what is a paired t-test?

A
  1. calculate the difference score for each participant for two condition.
  2. compute mean and variance for distribution of difference scores and compare to zero.
49
Q

What is a one way BS ANOVA (3 levels)

A

compares two types of variability:

  1. 1 between groups
  2. 2 within groups
50
Q

What is a one way WS ANOVA

A
  1. compares variability between conditions

2. variability within conditions.

Experimental Psych Final (2 decks)

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