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Experimental Psych Final > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is quantitative design?

A

Numerical Data- can be analyzed statistically

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2
Q

What is Qualitative design?

A

non-numerical data- naturalistic observations etc.

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3
Q

What is the scale of measurement?

A

N- Nominal
O- Ordinal
I- Interval
R- Ratio

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4
Q

What is nominal scale of measurement?

A

Categorical
Measures only differences
No order

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5
Q

What is ordinal scale of measurement?

A

measures (rank order) magnitude

preserves position- rank your favorite ice-cream

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6
Q

What is interval scale of measurement?

A

Has equal intervals

temperature, no true 0 point

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7
Q

What is ratio scale of measurement?

A

equal intervals and a true 0
can apply multiplication and devision
height, weight, kelvin, etc.

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8
Q

What are the four types of quantitative design?

A

description, association, true experiment, quasi experiment

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9
Q

What are descriptive design?

A

1) Frequency
measures one or more dependent variables.
descriptive stats only

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10
Q

What are associations?

A

relational research
measures at least 2 dependent variables and how they are related
- Does not imply causation

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11
Q

What is a true experiment?

A

manipulate at least 1 independent variable
measures at least 1 dependent variable
- uses inferential statistics to make causal inferences.

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12
Q

quasi experiments

A

oftern used when parts cannot be randomly selected or assigned to condition- gender, age, IQ
- teat the subject like a IV

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13
Q

What is frequency distribution?

A

a description of how frequently each score appears in the data.

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14
Q

What is a histogram?

A

is used to describe a frequency distribution for continuous data
frequency on the Y- equal size bins on the x

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15
Q

Whats the job of descriptive statistics?

A

used to describe a distribution

- Where is the center and how wide is the distribution?

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16
Q

What are the measures of central tendency?

A

1, Mean- can only be used for inter or ratio scales

  1. Median- OIR
  2. Mode- NOIR
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17
Q

What are the measures of dispersion?

A
  1. range
  2. variance/ SD- average squared deviation of scores from the mean

variance and SD can only be used for interval and ration scales.

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18
Q

What happens to variance as you add more scores?

A

it reduces

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19
Q

What is a normal distribution?

A
  1. symmetrical, bell shaped curve

2. all measure sof central tendency are the same- Mean= median= mode

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20
Q

What is a skewed distribution?

A

long tail on one end- mean, median, mode not equal.

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21
Q

which measure of CT is most influenced by extreme scores?

A

mean

22
Q

What are some solutions for skewed data?

A
  1. try to reduce variability in data- collect more data or practice trials
  2. impose time limits for RT
  3. use the median as your measure of central tendency.
  4. Use an a priori method to trim the mean
23
Q

What is the defining characteristic of an association?

A
  1. measures the degree of relationship between two or more measured variables.
24
Q

what do associations allow us to do?

A 
make predictions- class attendance is a predictor variable for final grade.
- predictions are not perfect
25
Q

what statistical analysis do you use for associations?

A
  1. Chi-squared- NOIR
  2. spearman rank correlation coefficient- OIR
  3. Pearson correlation coefficient (r)- IR
26
Q

What is a qui squared test?

A
  • Determines whether the two variables are independent.

- p value indicates probability that the relationship is due to chance.

27
Q

Contingency Coefficient

A
  • converts chi2 value into a coefficient showing the degree of relationship
  • 0 no relationship, 1 strong relationship
  • significance depends on strength of relationship and # of observations.
28
Q

What do the direction of correlations mean?

A
  1. Positive Correlation- as a increases b increases and vice versa
  2. Negative Correlation- as A increases, B decreases
29
Q

What is the scale of a Correlation?

A

-1.0-1.0

30
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A
  1. its what is measured by the experimenter.
  2. can be subjective or behavior/physiological
  3. many exp have more than 1 DV
31
Q

What is the speed accuracy tradeoff?

A

occurs when participants adopt different strategies in different conditions.
- therefore, it is customary to record and report both

32
Q

What are the two types of independent variables

A
  1. Manipulated IVs-

2. Non- manipulated/ quasi

33
Q

What are some characteristics of IVs?

A
  1. all have a name and at least two defined levels

2. sometimes one of the levels is called the control condition

34
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

describes what the predicted relationship is between the IV and DV
- expect a manipulation in IV to cause a change in the DV

35
Q

What is the peer review process?

A

the process by which research papers are reviewed by respected scientist in the same or similar field prior to their publication in a journal.

  • reviewers provide feedback
  • paper is then accepted or rejected
36
Q

What happens is the Journal has been rejected?

A
  • the author may be invited to revise and resubmit the paper

- raises the overall quality of published journal articles.

37
Q

What is a primary source?

A
  1. a publication in which the author presents his or her own research.
38
Q

What is a secondary source?

A
  • author does not present his or her own research, but instead reviews previously published literature on a particular topic.
39
Q

What is the advantage of psych info?

A
  • most peer-reviewed publication.
40
Q

What is the difference between an experiment and a correlation in an abstract?

A
  • TE: indicates IV and DV; Key terms (effects/influence, manipulate, condition, assigned”
  • Correlation: multiples measurements, no mention of manipulated variables; Key terms: X predicted Y, X was associated with Y, X was related to Y
41
Q

What is internal validity?

A
  • degree to which a change in the dC is attributable to manipulation of IV
  • extent to which an expt. is free from confounding variables
42
Q

What are the threats to internal validity?

A
  1. extraneous variables that covary with IV levels and provide an alternative explanation for the results (always a problem for quasi experiments
43
Q

How do you remove confounds?

A
  1. try to control, constrain, or randomize extraneous variables
44
Q

What is external validity?

A
  • degree to which a research finding can be generalized to other populations, settings and times.
45
Q

What are threats to external validity?

A
  • too many control variables (always a problem for laboratory experiments.
46
Q

How do you improve external validity?

A
  • try to randomize some variables

- repeat the experiment with other participants, in other settings, with other stimuli.

47
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A
  • clues that influence the participants behavior in your experiments
  • 2 types: participant bias and experimenter bias
48
Q

What is participant bias?

A
  • when behavior of participants in influenced by their beliefs about how they are supposed to behave in a study.
49
Q

What is experimenter bias?

A
  • when an experimenters expectation about an experiment influence the outcome?
50
Q

How do you minimize demand characteristics?

A
  1. automation- computerized instructions
  2. post experiment questioning
  3. double blind experimentation
  4. use deception
51
Q

What are typical confounds in BS design?

A
  1. anytime there is a difference between your groups other than the variable of interest (always a problem for quasi experiments)
52
Q

What are typical confounds in WS design?

A
  1. anytime there is a difference between you conditions other than variable of interest

Experimental Psych Final (2 decks)

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