Exam 2

Question 1

Competition

Answer 1

A social process that occurs when rewards are given to people for how their performance compares with the performances of others during the same task or when participating in the same event.

Question 2

Cooperation

Answer 2

A social process through which performance is evaluated and rewarded in terms of the collective achievement of a group of people working together to reach a particular goal.

Question 3

Sherif and Sherif (1969)

Answer 3

Copmetition can be reduced through cooperative efforts to achieve superordinate goals.

Question 4

Enhancing Cooperation: General principles of Cooperative Games

Answer 4

• Maximize participation
• Maximize opportunities to learn sport and movement skills
• Do not keep score
• Maximize opportunities for success
• Give Positive Feedback
• Provide opportunities for youngster to play different positions

Question 5

Competitive means - Competitive ends

Answer 5

Competitive means - Competitive ends

The goal is to beat someone else or everyone else from the outset to the end. For example, King of the Mountatin, 100-yard dash

Question 6

Cooperative Means - Competitive ends:

Answer 6

Cooperative Means - Competitive ends:

Participants cooperate within their group byt compete outside their group. For example, soccer, basketball.

Question 7

Individual means - Individual ends:

Answer 7

Individual means - Individual ends:

One or more players pursue an individual goal without cooperative or competitive interaction. For example, calisthenics, cross-country skiing.

Question 8

Cooperative means - individual ends:

Answer 8

Cooperative means - individual ends:

Individuals cooperate and help each other achieve their own goals. For example, helping each other individually improve.

Question 9

Cooperative means - Cooperative ends

Answer 9

Cooperative means - Cooperative ends

Players cooperate with each other from the outset to the end. Everybody works toward a common goal, sharing the means as well as the ends.
For example, keeping a volleyball from hitting the ground.

Question 10

Reinforcement

Answer 10

Is the use of rewards and punishments that increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future.

Question 11

The Principles of Reinforcement

Answer 11

If doing something results in a good consequence (such as being rewarded), people tend to repeat the behavior to achieve additional positive reinforcement.

If doing something results in an unpleasant consequence (such as being punished), people tend not to repeat the behavior to avoid more negative consequences.

Question 12

Why are the principles of reinforcement complex?

Answer 12

People react differently to the same reinforcement
People are unable to repeat desirable behaviors
People receive different reinforcers in different situations

Question 13

Schedule of Reinforcement: Fixed Ratio

Answer 13

Is Reinforcement after a fixed or set number of responses.

Question 14

Schedule of Reinforcement: Fixed Interval

Answer 14

Reinforcement after a fixed or set amount of time.

Question 15

Schedule of Reinforcement: Variable Ratio

Answer 15

Reinforcement after a variable - sometimes average - number of responses, e.g. slot machines.

Question 16

Schedule of Reinforcement: Variable Interval

Answer 16

Reinforcement after a variable amount of time.

Question 17

Positive Approach

Answer 17

Focuses on rewarding appropriate behavior, which increase the likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future.

Question 18

Negative Approach

Answer 18

Focuses on punishing undesirable behaviors, which should lead to future redirection of these inappropriate behaviors.

Question 19

What is a Group?

Answer 19

A group is two or more people who interact and exert mutual influence on each other and share the following characteristics:

A collective sense of identity.
Distinctive Roles
Structured Roles of communication
Group Norms

Question 20

Group Roles

Answer 20

Involve behaviors required or expected of a person occupying a certain position.

Question 21

Formal Roles

Answer 21

Are dictated by the nature and structure of the organization.

Question 22

Informal Roles

Answer 22

Evolve from the group’s dynamics or interactions among group members.

Question 23

What are Norms?

Answer 23

Norms are shared group expectations about appropriate behavior. Norms define acceptable behavior as a member of the group.

norms are unwritten rules of behavior, but everyone seems to know them and the group will enforce the norms.

Question 24

Group Structure

Answer 24

Both role clarity and role acceptance are critical for team success.

Role conflict exists when role occupant does not have sufficient ability, motivation, time, or understanding to achieve the goal.

Question 25

Communication Keys

Answer 25

``` Communication is used for may purposes: Persuasion Evaluation Information Motivation Problem Solving ``` All communication contains content (what is said) as well as relational information (how we felt about the persons's message).

Question 26

Type of Communication

Answer 26

Interpersonal Communication ( at least two people in a meaningful exchange) Nonverbal Communication Intrapersonal communication (self-talk, the communication we have with ourselves).

Question 27

Strategies for Improving Communication

Answer 27

Convey Rationales Express Empathy not sympathy. Use a communication style that is comfortable for you. learn how to become more empathetic by placing yourself in the shoes of your athletes or students. Use the positive approach when communicating. Always acknowledge the greeting of others Have an open-door policy for your students Be consistent in administering discipline.

Question 28

Sending Messages Effectivley

Answer 28

Make verbal messages clear and concise Pick the right time and place to deliver verbal messages. Enhance trust with the person receiving the message to ensure verbal messages are appropriately interpreted.

Question 29

Non-Verbal Communication

Answer 29

``` Eye contact - where you are looking Proximity - how close you are to pt. Kinesics - body movements gestures Paralanguistics (like nodding the head) Facial Expression Body Language - what your body is doing, posture. ```

Question 30

Psychological Skills Training

Answer 30

PST refers to systematic and consistent practice of mental skills for the purpose of enhancing performance, increasing enjoyment, or achieving greater sport and exercise satisfaction.

Question 31

PST Training Includes?

Answer 31

``` Arousal regulation Confidence and Motivation Attentional Focus Goal Setting Mental Imagery ```

Question 32

Mental Toughness

Answer 32

``` Ability to focus Rebound from failure Cope with pressure Determination to persist through adversity Mental resilience ``` Mental toughness is vital for success, PST is used to target specific aspect of metal toughness.

Question 33

Why would one "avoid" PST

Answer 33

``` To focus on physical skills PST is only for the problematic athletes Only for Elite athletes Stigma of the term mental of psychological. Coaches 'Don't have time" Lack of Resources. ```

Question 34

The Phases of PST

Answer 34

Education - introduction to concept - Minimize bias - form a relationship Acquisition - Teach the skill Practice -Direct application.

Question 35

The Competition Process

Answer 35

``` Includes 4 stages: All of these stages are distinct, but they also are linked to one another. Objective Competitive Situation Subjective Competitive Situation Response Consequence ```

Question 36

Objective Competitive Situation

Answer 36

A situation in which performance is compared with some standard of excellence in the presence of at least one other person who is aware of the comparison.

Question 37

Subjective Competitive Situation

Answer 37

This is how the person perceives, accepts and appraises the objective competitive situation ( this is influenced by personality factors such as competitiveness).

Question 38

Response

Answer 38

Response is whether a person approaches or avoids an objective competitive situation (at the behavioral physiological and psychological levels).

Question 39

Consequences

Answer 39

Consequences is whether a person approaches or avoids an objective competitive situation (at the behavioral, physiological and psychological levels).

Question 40

Ringlemann Effect

Answer 40

The phenomenon by which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases.

Question 41

Social Loafing

Answer 41

Is when individuals within a group or team put forth less than 100% of their effort due to loss of motivation.

Question 42

Conditions that Increase Social Loafing

Answer 42

Ab individual's output cannot be independently evaluated. The task is perceived to be low in meaningfulness An individual's personal involvement in the task is low A comparison against group standards is not possible. Other individuals contributing to the collective effort are strangers. Teammates or coworkers are seen as high in ability. Individual team members perceive their contribution to the outcome as redundant. The individual is competing against what he or she believes to be a weaker opponent.

Question 43

Eliminating Social Loafing

Answer 43

Emphasize the importance of individual pride and unique contributions. Increase indentifiability of individual performance. Determine specific situations in which social loafing occurs. Conduct individual meetings to discuss social loafing. Appreciate each teammate's responsibility. Divide the team into smaller units.

Question 44

Linear Perspective (life of a team)

Answer 44

Forming-familiarization, formation, interpersonal relationships, development of team structure Storming-rebellion, resistance to the leader and to control by the group, interpersonal conflict Norming-development of solidarity and cooperation; group conflicts resolved Performing-channeling of energies for team success

Question 45

The Cyclical (life-cycle) Perspective

Answer 45

development of groups is similar to the life cycle - birth, growth, death emphasis is on the terminal phase of the group’s existence as the group develops, it psychologically prepares for its own breakup This model is especially relevant for groups and teams that last 1-=15 weeks

Question 46

Flow

Answer 46

Flow is a holistic, intrinsically motivating sensation that people feel when they are totally involved in an activity or are on automatic pilot.

Question 47

The Flow Model

Answer 47

Athletes cannot control flow. Essential elements of flow: Balance of challenges and skills Complete absorption in the activity Clear goals Merging of action and awareness Total concentration on the task.