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Bio 102 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is the prebiotic soup hypothesis?

A

Organic molecules formed near earths surface

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1
Q

What are the four requirements for Chemical Evolution?

A

Little to no oxygen
Source of energy
Chemical building blocks
Time

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2
Q

What is the iron-sulfur world hypothesis?

A

Organic precursors formed at the cracks in the oceans floor

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3
Q

What is a protobiont?

A

The first cells-

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4
Q

What was most likely the first molecule of life?

A

RNA

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5
Q

What happens in the Precambrian era?

A

Life forms, we have the introduction of protobionts, bacteria and archea (prokaryotes) (3.5bya) , photosynthetic organism and oxygenation event (1.7-2.2 bya) and eukaryotes (2.1- 1.5 bya), Protista and fungi (1.0 bya) and animals (.75 bya)

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6
Q

When do the first fossils start appearing?

A

Precambrian- late Proterozoic

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7
Q

What are the two major events of the Paleozoic era?

A

Cambrian explosion- 542 mya

Permian extinction- 299 mya

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8
Q

What causes extinction?

A 
Localized distribution
Over specialization
Interactions with other organisms
Habitat change / destruction
Natural events
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9
Q

What are the three most important mass extinctions?

A

Permian extinction- 255 mya

Triassic extinction- 205 mya

Cretaceous extinction- 65 mya

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10
Q

What era is the rise of the mammals?

A

The Cenozoic era

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11
Q

What groups evolved in the Cenozoic era?

A

Mammals
Flowering plants
Grasses
Birds

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12
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

When RuBp uses oxygen instead of CO2

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13
Q

What is mycelium?

A

The body of the fungi, made up of Hypha- small filaments

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14
Q

What are the 3 different cell wall structures in fungi?

A

Septate- all cells have cell walls
Septate (n+n) - cells have a cell wall with two nuclei in each
Aseptate- no cell walls

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15
Q

In fungi, which phase of life undergoes mitosis?

A

Haploid

16
Q

In fungi, which phase of life undergoes meiosis?

A

The diploid

17
Q

What are saprotrophs and what type of organism is one?

A

Organisms that obtain their nutrients from the dead, fungi are saprotrophs

18
Q

What are the four types of fungi?

A

Zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

19
Q

What are the characteristics of zygotmytotic fungi

A

Distinctive reproductive “zygospore” that ford around zygote

Examples- rhizopus–> bread mold
- pilobolus–> cow dung fungus

20
Q

What are the characteristics of glomeromytotic fungi?

A

Form a obligate endo-mychorrhizal association with plant roots to help the plant absorb nutrients

21
Q

What are the characteristics of ascomytotic fungi?

A

Reproductive cups called ascocarps made up of asci that produce spores…. Have a short stage of dikayrotic just before reproduction

22
Q

What are the subgroups of ascomytotic fungi?

A

Conidiophores- molds like penicillium, aspergillus

Yeasts- Brewers and bread Yeast

23
Q

What makes basidiomycetes unique?

A

Their reproductive structures are extremely large and come in 3 forms

  • agaric
  • stinkhorns
  • shelf fungus
24
Q

What kind of group is algae?

A

Polyphyletic- euglenoids, diatoms, grown and golden algae, archeplastids (red and green)

25
Q

What events were primary endosymbiotic?

A

The addition of mitochondria and choroplasts

26
Q

What kind of event was a secondary endosymbiosis?

A

A whole eukaryote takes in a eukaryotic algae

27
Q

What are phaeophyta? What are their characteristics?

A

Brown algae- largest and most complex, multicellular, enveloped a red algae cell

28
Q

What are coccolithophores?

A

Golden algae- unicellular with two flagella,protected by calcium carbonate

29
Q

What are dinoflagellates?

A

Unicellular with two flagella, walls made of cellulose, causes red tides

30
Q

What is the male producing part of a plant?

A

Antheridium

31
Q

What is the female producing part of the plant?

A

Archegonium

32
Q

What is the dominant stage of a bryophyte?

A

Gametophyte

33
Q

What are tracheophytes?

A

Seedless vascular plants….club mosses, ferns

34
Q

What are microphylls?

A

Outgrowths of stem tissue that developes into a singular vascular strand

35
Q

What is the dominate stage of a tracheophyte?

A

Sporophyte

36
Q

What is a gymnosperm?

A

Naked seed- seeded plant no flowers or fruits

37
Q

What are male gametophytes called?

A

Microspores

38
Q

What are female gametophytes called?

A

Megasporangium

Bio 102 (3 decks)

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