Exam 1

Question 0

What is evolution?

Answer 0

The accumulation of genetic changes within a population over time.

Question 1

Who proposed the theory of evolution?

Answer 1

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 2

What is Lamarkian Evolution?

Answer 2

Inheritance of acquired characteristics driven by inner need…. Theory is false

Question 3

What is evidence for common ancestry? (7)

Answer 3

1. Fossil record– TIME
2. Homology (structural similarities functions may vary)–ANATOMY
3. Vestigial structures (structures that are non-functional)–ANATOMY
4. Classification– TRAITS
5. Hierarchal distrib. Of traits– TRAITS
6. Agreement between gene trees– TRAITS
7. Evolution during domestication– HUMAN INTERFERENCE

Question 4

What is population genetics?

Answer 4

The study of genetic variability within a population

Question 5

What is a gene pool?

Answer 5

All the alleles for all the loci present in the population

Question 6

What is genetic equilibrium?

Answer 6

A population whose allele or genotypic frequencies do not undergo evolutionary change over time.

Question 7

What is the Hardy- Weinberg principle and what is its formula?

Answer 7

Using phenotypic frequencies to calculate expected genotypic frequencies and Allele frequencies in sexually reproducing organisms.

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 8

What are the conditions of genetic equilibrium?

Answer 8

• random mating
• no net mutations
• large population size
• no migration
• no natural selection

Question 9

What is microevolution?

Answer 9

Small generation to generation changes in allele or genotypic frequencies within a population

Question 10

What are the five micro evolutionary processes?

Answer 10

• non-random mating
• mutation
• genetic drift
• gene flow
• natural selection

Question 11

What are the three kinds of natural selection?

Answer 11

Stabilizing- middle thrives, extremes die off
Directional- shifting of the curve to one side, changing the average
Disruptive- middle (avg) dies out while extremes thrive

Question 12

What are the three species concepts?

Answer 12

MORPHOLOGICAL- a species is determined by visible characteristics
BIOLOGICAL- one or more populations who interbreed to produce fertile offspring, reproductive barriers keep species genetically distinct, new species evolve when reproductively isolated from other members
PHYLOGENETIC- has undergone evolution long enough for significant differences in diagnostic traits to emerge by comparing gene sequence

Question 13

What is speciation?

Answer 13

A population become reproductively isolated from other populations and their gene pools diverge.

Question 14

What are the two forms of speciation and their definitions?

Answer 14

Allopatric- pupil actions becomes geographically isolated from other species

Sympatric- same geographic range, reproductive isolating mechanism evolves at the start of the speciation process.

Question 15

What are prezygotic isolation barriers?

Answer 15

Temporal- reproducing at different TIMES
Habitat- reproducing in different HABITATS
Behavioral- having distinct courtship behaviors
Mechanical- different structured reproductive organs
Game tic- gametes are chemically incompatible

Question 16

What are postzygotic isolation barriers?

Answer 16

Hybrid inviability- hybrid dies early in embryonic development
Hybrid sterility- hybrid survives into adulthood but unable to reproduce successfully
Hybrid Breakdown- offspring (gen 2) of hybrids are unable to reproduce

Question 17

What are the two patterns of evolutionary change?

Answer 17

Punctuated equilibrium- long periods of STASIS are interrupted by short periods of rapid speciation
Phyletic gradualism- evolution occurs over time

Question 18

What is macroevolution?

Answer 18

Large scale phenotypic changes in populations at the species level or higher

Question 19

What is a preadaptation? Give example.

Answer 19

Evolutionary novelties that are variants of pre-resisting structures.

Example: scales changing to feathers

Question 20

What is evolution and development? (EVO-DEVO)

Answer 20

Variation and mutation that is created through genetic reshuffling during meiosis that causes evolutionary jumps that appear in the fossil record…consists of two types

Question 21

What are the two types of EVO-DEVO?

Answer 21

Homeotic - changes in placement of body parts or developmental programs

Allometric- organs having an unequal distribution of growth

Question 22

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 22

Rapid diversification and speciation from a common ancestor.. It happens for two reasons:

Innovation- new trait makes species highly competitive
Opportunity- wide range of available adaptive zones

Question 23

What is extinction?

Answer 23

The permanent end of a lineage…occurs when the last individual of a species dies

Question 24

How do we classify organisms?

Answer 24

Taxonomy- naming, describing and classifying organisms

Classification- arranging organisms into groups based on similarities

Systematics- study of diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

Question 25

What is a clade?

Answer 25

A group of organisms that share characteristics from a common ancestor

Question 26

What is a synapomorphie?

Answer 26

A shared trait by all members in a population that evolved

Question 27

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 27

When similar environmental conditions result in independent evolution of structures

Question 28

What is homoplasy?

Answer 28

A characteristic that appears homologous but is acquired through convergent evolution

Question 29

What is parsimony?

Answer 29

Simplest explanation to interpret data

Question 30

What are evolutionary relationships?

Answer 30

Monophyletic- ancestral species and all descendants (shared derived characters)

Paraphyletic- common ancestor and some descendants but not all

Polyphyletic- several evolutionary lines that do not share the same common ancestor… Misrepresents evolutionary relationships

Question 31

What is molecular systematics?

Answer 31

Using molecular structure to clarify evolutionary relationships