Exam 2

Question 1

monophyletic

Answer 1

a group containing all of the descendants of a common ancestor

Question 2

polyphyletic

Answer 2

a group containing descendants of different ancestors but having similar characteristics, due to convergent evolution

Question 3

paraphyletic

Answer 3

a group that does not include all of the descendants of a common ancestor

Question 4

two features that produce variation

Answer 4

crossing over and independent assortment

Question 5

when does crossing over occur

Answer 5

during prophase 1 of meiosis

Question 6

when does independent assortment occur

Answer 6

during metaphase 1 of meiosis

Question 7

toxic compounds produced by fungi

Answer 7

mycotoxins

Question 8

Aflatoxin

Answer 8

potent carcinogen that causes liver damage

Question 9

Ergot

Answer 9

grows on grains - causes hallucinations

Question 10

“Sick House Syndrome”

Answer 10

staphybothys - grows on wet cellulose (dry walls)

Question 11

hyphae

Answer 11

thin filamentous structure, large surface area = easy digestion, secrete enzymes that digest cellulose and lignin

Question 12

mycelium

Answer 12

a large mass of hyphae, white or gray fuzz

Question 13

what are fungal cell walls made out?

Answer 13

chitin

Question 14

define ascus

Answer 14

4 to 8 sexual spores in a microscopic sac

Question 15

define ascospores

Answer 15

sexual spores

Question 16

define conidia

Answer 16

asexual spores

Question 17

5 kingdoms of protists

Answer 17

SRCEA - stramenopila, rhodophyta, chlorophyta, euglenozoa, alveolata

Question 18

Kingdom Stramenopila

Answer 18

4 phylums - POBC: Phaeophyta, Oomycota, Bacillariaphyta, Chrysophyta

Question 19

Phylum Phaeophyta

Answer 19

Brown Algae, largest seaweeds, thallus (stipe, holdfast, laminae, blades)

Question 20

Phylum Bacillariophyta

Answer 20

diatoms, 20% CO2 fixation, silica

Question 21

Phylum Oomycota

Answer 21

water molds, convergent with fungi, phytophthora infestons (Great Potato Famine), aquatic & terrestrial

Question 22

Phylum Chrysophyta

Answer 22

Golden Algae, predators using pseudopodia, mixotroph

Question 23

Kingdom Rhodophyta

Answer 23

Red algae, phycoerythin (contain phycobilins), deep in water no flagella

Question 24

Kingdom Chlorophyta

Answer 24

Green algae, chlorophyl, have cellulose and lichens

Question 25

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Answer 25

euglenoids and kinetoplastids- have flagella

Question 26

Euglenoids

Answer 26

in kingdom euglenozoa - nonparasitic

Question 27

Kinetoplastids

Answer 27

in kingdom euglenozoa - parasitic, african sleeping sickness and chagas

Question 28

Kingdom Alveolata

Answer 28

have alveoli cavities, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates

Question 29

dinoflagellates

Answer 29

in kingdom alveolata, 2 perp. flagella, zooplankton, coral reefs and red tide

Question 30

apicomplexans

Answer 30

parasites that live in animals, apical complex, plasmodium - malaria

Question 31

protists

Answer 31

anaerobic, single-celled, mitochondria that lack DNA, diplomonads and parabasalids

Question 32

diplomonads

Answer 32

mitosomes, lack cellular respiration, lack golgi, flagella, Giardia

Question 33

parabasalids

Answer 33

modified mitochondria, have golgi, have flagella, Trychomaphas

Question 34

trychomaphas

Answer 34

digest cellulose, carbs, plant cell walls and polymers of glucose

Question 35

6 fungi phylums

Answer 35

ABCZMG

Question 36

phylum ascomycota

Answer 36

sac fungi, monophyletic, largest, yeats, cup fungi, ascu, makes penicillin, mycotoxins

Question 37

phylum basidiomycota

Answer 37

club fungi, monophyletic, mushrooms, basidia (gills)

Question 38

phylum chytridiomycota

Answer 38

polyphyletic, aquatic, flagellated (motile), infect amphibians; cell walls of chitin, ultrastructural similarities and absorptive nutrition

Question 39

phylum zygomycota

Answer 39

polyphyletic, terrestrial, saprobes, bread molds, form mycorrhizae and zygosporanigium

Question 40

phylum microsporidians

Answer 40

intracellular parasites, lack mitochondria but have mitosomes, form spores

Question 41

phylum glomeromycota

Answer 41

arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), mutualistic relationship

Question 42

define phycobilins

Answer 42

colors in rhodophyta that make it so dark it seems black