Exam 2 Flashcards
Phosphate System=
ATP+CP (It is a high intensity system)
Anaerobic System=
Glycolysis (Long anaerobic system)
Endurance System=
Aerobic (With oxygen system)
Potential Energy
Energy stored within a physical system as a result of the position or configuration of the different parts of that system. It has the potential to be converted into other forms of energy
energy stored within a physical system as a result of the position or configuration of the different parts of that system.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Free Energy
Max amount of released energy that is capable of doing work.
Thermodynamic free energy
The energy in a physical system that can be converted to do work.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can change forms.
Second Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy)
.Entropy = thermodynamic property moving towards equilibrium.
How many forms can energy change into? What kind?
6 forms. Heat, mechanical, chemical, electrical, solar, light.
Enzymes
Are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions.
Do not get destroyed during process. Act by lowering energy required for a reaction to proceed
Enzyme Activity
The rate its substrates are converted to products.
What influences enzyme activity?
- Temperature
- pH
- Substrate or enzyme concentration
Enzyme-Substrate Kinetics
Reaction rates increase as substrate concentration increase, but become saturated at very high concentrations of substrate.
Why are cofactors and coenzymes necessary?
For normal activity of enzymes.
Cofactors include…
Metal ions such as Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Cu+2, Zn+2 & selenium.
Coenzymes are
derived from vitamins
Phosphorylation
Process of adding a phosphate group to an organic molecule.
Enzyme Activation
- Many enzymes are produced in an inactive form.
- Many are activated by phosphorylation & inactivated by dephosphorylation.
- Others activated by ligands (small molecules, bind with metals) called 2nd messengers
Law of mass action
Direction of reaction is from side of equation where concentration is higher to side where concentration is lower.
Exergonic Reactions
Release energy as they proceed. It is the breakdown of ATP, the universal energy carrier. Most exergonic reactions in the body make ATP.
Endergonic Reaction
Require input of energy to proceed.
What two things can happen to a molecule?
Reduced. Oxidized.
What does a reducing agent do?
donates electrons.
What does an oxidizing agent do?
accepts electrons.
What coenzymes play important roles as H carriers?
NAD and FAD
What are NAD and NADH derived from and what do they stand for?
NAD=oxidized NADH=reduced both derived from vitamin B3(niacin)
What are FAD and FADH derived from and what do they stand for?
FAD=oxidized FADH=reduced both derived from vitamin B2(ribloflavin)
