Chapter 2 Flashcards
Biogenetics-Body energy
the ability to do work (Force*distance) if either is missing no work.
Metabolism
All reactions in the body that involve energy transformations.
Catabolism
Breaks down molecules & releases energy – From larger to smaller molecules.
Is primary source of energy for making ATP.
Anabolism
Makes larger molecules & requires energy – From smaller to larger molecules.
Source of body’s large energy-storage compounds.
Glycolysis
is glycogen-lyses or breaking down gylcogen
Lyses
The breakdown of compounds a catabolic process.
Genesis
Is the building of compounds or product from like sources: An anabolic process.
Neogenesis
Is the building of new compounds or product from different sources.
What stores most of glycogen?
Skeletal muscle and liver.
Glucose is stored as glycogen=
glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Clips glucose out of glycogen as glucose 6-phosphate.
What do phosphate groups do?
Trap molecules in cells.
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cell fluid. (cytosol or cytoplasm)
Glycolysis
A metabolic pathway by which glucose is converted to 2 pyruvates. It does not require oxygen.
Net equation of glycolysis if you begin with free glucose=
glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi –> 2 pyruvates + 2NADH + 2 ATP
Net equation starting with glycogen the net is glycogenolysis
Use 2 NAD + 1 ADP + 1Pi 2 pyruvates + 2 NADH + 3 ATP
Acetyl CoAs can be linked together to form fatty acids(T/F)
True
Fat Metabolism Steps
- Lipolysis
FFA and glycerol
2.Beta oxidation – 2 C oxidation of the free-fatty acid which makes… - Acetyl Co-A – enters Krebs cycle- basically only place fats enter the metabolic pathway
4.ETS – ATPs produced
Transamination
Which is addition of -NH2 (amine group) to pyruvate or Kreb’s cycle ketones to make a new amino acid
.
Oxidative Deamination
Is process by which excess amino acids are eliminated
Glucogenesis
Generation of glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol and amino acids
What is the brains major source of energy?
Glucose
Metabolic Rate
The body’s rate of energy output (metabolism)
Basal Metabolic Rate
depends on age, sex, body surface area, activity level, & thyroid hormone levels
Neutral Energy Balance
Energy input = energy output
Body weight remains constant
Positive Energy Balance
Energy input is greater than energy output
Energy not used is stored primarily as adipose
Body weight increases
Negative Energy Balance
Energy input is less than energy output
Body must use stored energy to supply energy needs
Body weight decreases
Insulin (hormone)
Secreted by pancreas in response to rise in glucose concentration
Ghrelin
Hunger hormone (appetite stimulator)
Absorptive State
Fed state; anabolism exceeds catabolism
Glucose is plentiful and serves as major energy source
Postabsorptive State
Fasting state; net synthesis of fat, glycogen, and protein ceases
Catabolism occurs
Liver
Primary role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels
Principal site for metabolic interconversions such as gluconeogenesis
Adipose Tissue
Primary energy storage site
Important in regulating fatty acid levels in the blood
Muscle
Primary site of amino acid storage
Major energy user
Brain
Normally can only use glucose as an energy source
Does not store glycogen
Mandatory blood glucose levels be maintained
Vitamins
Are small organic molecules that serve as coenzymes in metabolism or have highly specific functions
Minerals
Are needed as cofactors for specific enzymes & other critical functions
Four Mechanisms of heat transfer
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Radiation
the transfer of heat energy
from a warmer object to a cooler object in the
form of electromagnetic waves (“heat waves”),
which travel through space.
Conduction
the transfer of heat from a
warmer to a cooler object that is in direct
contact with the warmer one. The heat is
transferred through the movement of thermal
energy from molecule to adjacent molecule.
Convection
the transfer of heat energy
by air currents. Cool air warmed by the body
through conduction rises and is replaced by
more cool air. This process is enhanced by the
forced movement of air across the body surface
Evaporation
conversion of a liquid such
as sweat into a gaseous vapor, a process that
requires heat (the heat of vaporization), which
is absorbed from the skin.
Hypothalamus
Serves as body’s thermostat
Integrates thermosensory inputs
