Exam 2 Flashcards
True or false the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) is purely sensory
True
What two nerves make up the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
vestibular and cochlear nerves
The vestibular nerve terminates in the vestibular nuclear complex which consists of how many parts? What are their names?
4: superior, medial, lateral, and inferior
Where does the vestibular nerve arise?
The vestibular ganglion which has superior and inferior parts
Where does the cochlear nerve terminate?
cochlear nuclei which has a anterior and posterior portion
True or false; the cochlear nuclei is composed of axons from the spiral ganglion
True
What is the lateral lemniscus associated with?
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) (hearing)
Axons from the lateral lemniscus travel where?
thalamus medial geniculate body
True or false; peripheral processes from the vestibular ganglion extend to the inner ear structures (Saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals)
true
True or false; the cochlear nucleus is located in the MO along the rhomboid fossa
false; the vestibular nuclei is
True or false; most vestibular nerve fibers terminate in the medial vestibular nucleus
true
What is the apparent origin of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
cerebellopontine angle
True or false; CN VIII travels along posterior cranial fossa to the internal acoustic meatus along with CN VII
true
True or false; the vestibular nerve carries 30-40,000 nerve fibers
false; carries 20,000
How many nerve fibers does the cochlear nerve carry
30-40,000
True or false; the vestibular nerve splits as it approaches the ear
true; it splits into a inferior (8,000 fibers) and a superior (12,000 fibers)
The saccule and the ampullary crest are supplied by which branch of the vestibular nerve
inferior (8,000 fibers)
The anterior and lateral semicircular canals and utricle are all supplied by which branch of the vestibular nerve
superior (12,000 fibers)
True or false; the Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) carries motor, sensory and autonomic fibers
true
What muscle is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
stylopharyngeus
What autonomic function does the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) have
taste information from posterior tongue and parasympathetic information from parotid gland
Motor fibers carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) arise from where?
superior part of the nucleus ambiguus
What kind of fiber arises from the inferior salivatory nucleus in the glossopharyngeal nerve pathway
preganglionic parasympathetic
Where do afferent sensory fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve pathway terminate
solitary nucleus (just like CN VII)
True or false; there is one peripheral ganglion associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve
false; there are two the inferior and superior
Where do general sensory information conveyed in the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) synapse in the CNS
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
Taste information from the tongue posterior to the sulcus terminals is carried by neurons to the inferior ganglion; where do axons then synapse?
(superior part) Solitary nucleus
Information that synapses in the inferior part of the solitary nucleus are carrying what kind of information? From where?
visceral afferent; from carotid sinus and carotid body
The nucleus ambiguus contributes motor neurons to which 3 CNs?
IX, X, XI
Motor neurons traveling from the nucleus ambiguus in the IX CN are heading for what muscle?
stylopharyngeus
True or false; the inferior salivatory nucleus gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic axons carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
true
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the inferior salivatory nucleus in the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse where? Then where do the axons head?
Synapse in the Otic Ganglion
Then supply parotid, buccal, and inferior labial glands
True or false; the apparent origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve is on the inferior part of the MO
false; it is on the superior part of the MO
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull
Jugular foramen
What is unique about the superior and inferior ganglion on the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
The superior is located in the cranium and the inferior is located outside the jugular foramen (after IX exits the skull)
What does the tympanic nerve arise from? Where does it travel after it arises?
Arises from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal n.
Carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and some sensory through the tympanic canaliculus into the tympanic cavity
Once the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the tympanic nerve are in the tympanic cavity, what does the nerve receive? And by receiving this what does it form?
Receives postganlionic sympathetic fibers from the superior ganglion (IX)
Together these fibers make up the tympanic plexus
What are the 5 different functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
General sensory Motor Parasympathetic Visceral sensory Taste
The tympanic plexus carries somatosensory information from where?
Tympanic cavity, pharyngotympanic tube, and mastoid air cells
True or false; the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the tympanic plexus will pass through and reform the lesser petrosal nerve
true
Once the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the tympanic plexus pass through and reform the lesser petrosal nerve, where does it travel?
Through the lesser petrosal canal to the otic ganglion
Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion are carried in branches of what CN? To where?
In V3
To parotid, buccal, and inferior labial glands
What kind of information does the carotid branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) carry?
Chemoreceptors in the carotid body, and baroreceptors in the carotid sinus
Pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal n. covey what kind of information? From where?
Sensory information, from mucosa of the pharynx
True or false; pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal n. combine with some vagal branches to form what?
Pharyngeal plexus
Tonsillar branches of CN IX carry what kind of information? From where?
sensory information
From palatine tonsils and oral mucosa
Lingual branches of the glossopharyngeal n (IX) carry what kind of information? From where?
general sensory and taste
from tongue posterior to sulcus terminals
True or false; the vagus nerve is a mixed spinal nerve carrying motor, parasympathetic, and sensory information (including some taste)
true
What is the longest cranial nerve?
Vagus (X)
What is the most important parasympathetic nerve?
Vagus (X)
The cell bodies for motor fibers of the vagus nerve (X) are located where
nucleus ambiguus
True or false; the nucleus ambiguus which has cell bodies from motor fibers of CNs IX, X, and XI, receives information from both cerebral hemispheres
true
Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve (X) arise from where?
posterior (dorsal) nucleus of the vagus
True or false; pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the vagus receive information indirectly from hypothalamus and the carotid sinus
true
Incoming somatosensory information in the vagus n. (X) terminates where?
spinal nucleus of trigeminal
Taste and viscerosensory information in the vagus n. (X) terminates where?
Nucleus of the solitary tract
True or false; the vagus n. (X) has two ganglia associated with it and they are the same superior and inferior ganglia discussed with the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)
False; the Vagus does have 2 ganglia the superior and inferior but they are different from the superior and inferior ganglia discussed in glossopharyngeal n.
The superior and inferior ganglia of the vagus n. (X) also go by what names?
Superior- Jugular ganglion
Inferior- Nodose ganglion
Somatosensory information in the vagus n. (X) have cell bodies located in where?
Superior (jugular) ganglion
Somatosensory information in the vagus n. (X) from posterior cranial fossa, auricle, external auditory canal, lateral tympanic membrane, and mucosa of oropharynx/laryngopharynx all travel to?
The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal n.
True or false; the vagus nerve (X) has some taste sensation associated with it
True; taste from the epiglottis
Taste sensation from the epiglottis is carried in the vagus n. to where?
superior part of the nucleus solitary tract (from neurons in the inferior or nodose ganglion)
True or false; the vagus n. (X) carries visceral sensory information from larynx and laryngopharynx, viscera in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, and pressure receptors in the aortic arch
true
What is the apparent origin of the vagus n. (X)
lateral aspect of the MO
True or false; the apparent origin of the vagus n. (X) comes off the lateral aspect of the MO in a thick trunk
false; it comes off in a series of rootlets
True or false; after the vagus nerve leaves its apparent origin (lateral aspect of MO) in a series of rootlets, the rootlets combine to form a trunk which gives off one branch before exiting the jugular foramen
True; the vagus gives off a meningeal branch
Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?
The jugular foramen
The meningeal branch given off the vagus nerve (X) before exiting the jugular foramen supplies what
dura of the posterior cranial fossa, infratentorial dura
True or false; the jugular foramen is compartmentalized by a fibrous septum
true
The jugular foramen is separated by a fibrous septum, the vagus n. (X) and accessory n (XI) travel in which part of the septum
anterior to the septum
True or false; the glossopharyngeal n (IX) travels anterior to the fibrous septum of the jugular foramen
false; it travels posterior to the septum
True or false; the vagus n (X) and accessory n (XI) share a meningeal sheath (arachnoid and dura) after exiting the jugular foramen
true
What 3 CN exit via the jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory (IX, X, XI)
Where are the two ganglia of the vagus nerve (X) located
Superior (jugular) located in the jugular foramen
Inferior (nodose) located just inferior to the jugular foramen and is cylindrically shaped
Which vagus n. ganglion gives off the auricular branch? Where does it give it off? What kind of fibers are they?
Superior, in the jugular foramen (where the ganglion is located) and somatosensory fibers
True or false; the auricular branch of the vagus n. (X) which comes off of the superior (jugular) ganglion carries sensory information from meatus and part of auricle
true
True or false; the vagus n. (X) travels within the carotid sheath
true
After exiting the jugular foramen the vagus n (X) will travel in the carotid sheath between the internal carotid a. and internal jugular v. where does it travel after the carotid bifurcation
travels between internal jugular v. and common carotid
True of false; the pharyngeal branch of the vagus n. (X) leaves the nerve at the level of the superior ganglion
false; at level of the inferior (nodose) ganglion
true or false; the pharyngeal branch of the vagus n (X) combines with fibers of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX) and with sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk
true; all of these fibers make up the pharyngeal plexus
what makes up the pharyngeal plexus
pharyngeal branch of the vagus n (X), fibers from the glossopharyngeal n (IX), and sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk
What is the function of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus n (X)
Motor supply to pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and levator veli palatine of the soft palate
True or false; branches to the carotid in the vagus n. (X) come off at the inferior ganglion
true
Branches to the carotid in the vagus n (X) carry what kind of information? From where? To where?
viscerosensory
from chemoreceptors in the carotid body
to inferior part of the nucleus for the solitary tract (Just like CN IX!)
True or false; the external laryngeal n. is mostly motor in function while the internal laryngeal n. is mostly sensory in function
true
The superior laryngeal n. splits into what?
the external and internal laryngeal nerves
What does the external laryngeal nerve supply
motor function to the cricothyroid muscle
What does the internal laryngeal nerve supply?
sensory information from laryngeal mucosa to as far inferior as vocal folds
The inferior laryngeal muscle carries sensory information from laryngeal mucosa and vocal folds, where does the viserosensory info travel? What about pain?
Viscerosensory- solitary nucleus
Pain (somatosensory)- spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
True or false; the recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid
true; the cricothyroid is supplied by the external laryngeal n.
The internal laryngeal nerve carries sensory information as low as the vocal folds, what carries sensory information below vocal folds?
Recurrent laryngeal n.
True or false; the recurrent laryngeal n. follows the same path bilaterally
false
What is the path of the left recurrent laryngeal n.
Comes off vagus (X) after passes in front of aortic arch, the recurrent passes under the aortic arch and ascends becoming the inferior laryngeal nerve
What is the path of the right recurrent laryngeal n
Comes off vagus and passes posteriorly under the subclavian a. before ascending like the left
Which recurrent laryngeal n. passes posterior to the subclavian a.
right recurrent laryngeal
The superior and inferior cervical cardiac branches from the vagus n. carry what kind of information
parasympathetic
Which one of the cervical cardiac branches leaves the vagus n. (X) and travels with the great vessels (pulmonary vessels, aorta, and vena cava)
Superior cervical cardiac branch
Which one of the cervical cardiac branches is given off by the recurrent laryngeal n.
inferior cervical cardiac branch
True or false; the vagus n. (X) passes anterior to the aortic arch
true
After passing posteriorly the aortic arch, the vagus n. (X) the vagus n. splits into a left and right vagus n. Which passes anteriorly to the esophagus and contributes to the esophageal plexus
left vagus n.
The right vagus n. enters the abdominal cavity through what opening? What does it become after entering the abdominal cavity?
Enters through the esophageal opening
Becomes the posterior vagal trunk
Which vagus n. supplies innervation to the posterior stomach, duodenum, liver, kidneys, small intestine and proximal 2/3 of large intestine
right vagus n. (through the superior mesenteric and renal plexuses)
Which vagus n. becomes the anterior vagal trunk after entering abdominal cavity through esophageal opening, and sends branches to stomach, liver, pancreas, and superior part of duodenum
left vagus n.
True or false; the accessory n. (XI) is exclusively a sensory n.
Fasle; it is exclusively a motor n.
True or false; the accessory n. (XI) has two roots, a cranial and spinal
true
The accessory n. (XI) is a completely motor n. what muscles does it supply?
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and muscles of the soft palate, pharynx and larynx
Where are cell bodies of the accessory n. (XI) found in the CNS?
In the nucleus ambiguus
The accessory n. (XI) has a cranial root which is associated with the nucleus ambiguus, where is the spinal root found? At what levels?
Found in the anterior horn’s gray matter
Found at the level of foramen magnum to C5-C6
What is the course of the cranial root of the accessory n. (XI)
It emerges from the MO, travels with the spinal root and exits the foramen magnum, then separates from the spinal root and joins the vagus at the inferior ganglion
After the accessory n. (XI) has entered the vagus n. inferior ganglion, where does it travel?
it travels with the vagus to the pharyngeal plexus, and external and recurrent laryngeal
True or false; the spinal root of the accessory n. (XI) originates in the cervical cord, enters the skull through the foramen magnum then exits with the cranial root through the jugular foramen
true
True or false; the accessory n. (XI) is the sole innervation to the trapezius muscle
false; there is also innervation from cervical plexus supplying lower 2/3 of muscle
True or false; the hypoglossal n. (XII) is purely motor in function
true
The hypoglossal n. (XII) is a purely motor n. supplying what muscles?
muscles of the tongue (intrinsic and extrinsic) with the exception of palatoglossus
Where are cell bodies of the hypoglossal nerve found? Where is this nucleus found?
In the hypoglossal nucleus, found on the floor of the rhomboid fossa
Which CN emerges as a series of rootlets between the pyramid and olive of the MO before becoming two bundles
Hypoglossal n. (XII)
Where does the hypoglossal n. exit the skull
hypoglossal canal
What is hemiatrophy
Clinical problem with hypoglossal n. (XII) causes the tongue to deviate toward effected side when sticking tongue out
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
True or false; the anterior portion of the spinal cord is considered more sensory and dorsal is motor
false; the anterior portion is the motor and dorsal sensory
True or false; a meningeal branch is present at all levels of the spinal cord
true
What provides somatosensory and sympathetic supply to the dura, blood vessels, periosteum, ligaments, and intervertebral discs in the spinal cord?
meningeal branches
The posterior mixed spinal rami divide into lateral and medial branches everywhere except
C1
The posterior mixed spinal rami are smaller than the anterior ones everywhere except
C1, S4 and S5
True or false; the posterior mixed spinal rami give motor innervation to the deep back muscles
true
Which mixed spinal nerves supply motor innervation to the anterior and lateral trunk muscles, and skeletal muscles of the extremity
anterior rami
True or false; the anterior mixed spinal rami supply sensory innervation to the skin over the extremities/anterior and lateral trunk
true
White ramus communicans can be found at what cord levels? Do they carry myelinated or unmyelinated fibers
T1-L2
Myelinated
Are white ramus communicans pre or post ganglionic? Where do fibers synapse?
pre-ganglionic
fibers either synapse at the level of entry or travel above or below level to synapse
Pre-ganglionic white ramus communicans fibers that pass directly through without synapsing are called what?
splanchnic
Where can you find gray ramus communicans? pre or post ganglionic? Myelinated or unmyelinated fibers?
at all cord levels
post-ganglionic
unmyelinated
True or false; C1 posterior rami is larger than the anterior
true
True or false; C1 posterior rami doesn’t divid into medial and lateral branches
true
What does the posterior rami of C1 supply? What is its common name
suboccipital muscles
suboccipital n.
What posterior rami is the greater occipital n? Doe it branch?
C2
yes; medial (sensory) and lateral (motor) branches
What posterior rami is the least occipital n? Does it branch?
C3
Yes; medial (sensory) and lateral (motor) branches
What forms the cervical plexus?
anterior rami or C1-C4
Does the cervical plexus (anterior rami of C1-C4) communicate with any CN?
Yes; 3: IX, X, XI
True or false; fibers from the inferior ganglion of the vagus n. communicate with the cervical plexus, specifically C1 and C2
true
Fibers from the spinal accessory n. (XI) communicate with a loop formed by what branches of the cervical plexus?
C2 and C3 with C3 and C4
Which CN eventually forms the superior root of the ansa cervicalis
XII
True or false; usually 3 gray ramus communicans communicate with the superior cervical ganglion
true
True or false; superficial branches of the cervical plexus are purely motor in fxn
false; purely sensory
True or false; the lesser occipital n. (posterior rami C2) is sometimes associated with cericogenic headaches
true
The great auricular n. carries fibers from what levels?
C2, and C3
The transverse cutaneous n. which is formed by fibers of C2 and C3 supply sensory information for skin cover what?
The platysma muscle
The trunks of what spinal nerves combine to form the medial, lateral, and intermediate supraclavicular nerves
C3 and C4
What 3 muscles are supplied by branches directly off of the ansa cervicalis
Sternothryoid, sternohyoid and omohyoid
The phrenic n. is made up of what spinal levels
C3, 4, 5 (keep the diaphragm alive!)
