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Peripheral Nervous System > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the nucleus of origin motor or sensory in function

A

Motor

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2
Q

Is the nuclei of termination motor or sensory in function

A

Sensory

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3
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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4
Q

What does the dura become after leaving CNS while surrounding nerves

A

Epineurium

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5
Q

Are DRG’s associated with the anterior or posterior horn

A

Posterior

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6
Q

What neurotransmitter do the somatic nerve fibers release at target? Is there is a ganglion before on the way to target?

A

ACH

No, straight from CNS to target

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7
Q

Glands, Cardiac tissue, and smooth muscle are all examples of what part of the nervous system

A

Autonomic (Visceral)

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8
Q

What vertebral levels would you find autonomic sympathetic fibers? Are there ganglion in the pathway? If so, where are they located?

A

T1-L2

Yes, they are right outside the CNS (sympathetic trunk)

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9
Q

What neurotransmitters are released in the autonomic sympathetic nervous system

A

ACH at ganglion, Norepinephrine at target

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10
Q

True or false; autonomic sacral splanchnic fibers are parasympathetic

A

False, they are sympathetic (“S” in Sacral for Sympathetic)

All of the sympathetic splanchnics are: Greater, Lesser, Least, and Sacral

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11
Q

True or false; autonomic pelvic splanchnic fibers are parasympathetic

A

True, the “P” in pelvic for parasympathetic

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12
Q

Where do autonomic parasympathetic fibers originate from? Are there ganglion in the pathway? If so, where are they located

A

From brain or S2-S4 (Pelvic splanchnics)

Yes, and close to the target organ

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13
Q

What neurotransmitters are released in the autonomic parasympathetic system

A

ACH at ganglion and ACH at target

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14
Q

True or false; the parasympathetic system supplies essentially the same organs as the sympathetic with fewer blood vessels

A

True

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15
Q

True or False; lower motor neurons are primarily in the anterior horn

A

True

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16
Q

Where do the typical first order neuron somatic sensory fibers lie in?

A

Dorsal root spinal ganglion

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17
Q

Where do the typical second order neurons in the somatic sensory pathway travel and communicate with?

A

they decussate and go to thalamus

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18
Q

Where do third order neurons relay information in the somatic sensory pathway

A

Cerebral cortex

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19
Q

True or false, a thin layer or mucus covers the olfactory epithelium

A

True

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20
Q

What kind of cell are olfactory neurons?

A

Bipolar

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21
Q

How many central processes (axons) are there typically in olfactory pathway? Where do they convey information?

A

10 to 20

Olfactory bulbs

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22
Q

True or false; olfactory neurons are myelinated?

A

False, they are covered in schwann cells

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23
Q

Where is the first place olfactory neurons synapse?

A

After they pass through the cribiform plate they synapse on dendrites of mitral cells

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24
Q

True or false; at olfactory neurons first synapse, synaptic glomeruli are formed

A

True

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25
Q

What are mitral cells associated with?

A

Olfaction

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26
Q

True or false; mitral cells send information posterior via the olfactory tract and splitting into the medial and lateral olfactory striae

A

True

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27
Q

Where do medial stria fibers run in olfactory pathway?

A

They cross midline via anterior commissure and travel to opposite olfactory bulb

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28
Q

True or false; Lateral stria fibers carry information to primary olfactory cortex?

A

True

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29
Q

The periamygdaloid and prepiroform area, including the uncus and broad man areas 34 and 28 are all part of what?

A

Primary olfactory cortex

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30
Q

True or false; in the olfactory pathway, there is a synapse in the thalamus

A

False

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31
Q

True or false; all sensory information in the cranial nerves travels through the thalamus except olfaction

A

True

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32
Q

What is anosmia

A

Loss of olfaction

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33
Q

Why is the vomernasal nerve important in animals? Is it important in humans?

A

It allows animals to track

No, it isn’t developed well in humans

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34
Q

True or false; CN 2 is afferent only?

A

True

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35
Q

True or false; the eyeball is composed of 4 layers

A

False, it is composed of 3

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36
Q

What are the 2 layers of the outermost layer of the eyeball called?

A

Sclera (white) and Cornea (clear)

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37
Q

Name the 3 parts of the middle layer of the eyeball

A

Ciliary body
Iris
Choroid

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38
Q

How many layers are there in the innermost layer of the eyeball?

A

10

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39
Q

How many types of cones are there in the eye?

A

3; red, green, and blue

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40
Q

Where do we have the clearest vision? What is more concentrated here?

A

Fovea centralis- more cones

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41
Q

True or False; there are no rods in fovea

A

True

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42
Q

The periphery of the retina is almost completely composed of what kind of cell?

A

Rods

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43
Q

When depolarized who do photoreceptors relay information to? Where is this?

A

Bipolar cells in outer plexiform layer

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44
Q

Where are bipolar cells in the CN 2 pathway typically found?

A

inner nuclear layer

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45
Q

In the CN 2 pathway, bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells, the synapse occurs in what layer?

A

Inner plexiform layer

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46
Q

Where do the optic nerves enter the skull? What do they unite to form?

A

through optic canal

optic chiasma

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47
Q

Are optic nerve axons myelinated

A

Yes

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48
Q

What cells for myelin?

A

Olegodendrocytes

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49
Q

What two muscles are influenced by the tectospinal tract

A

SCM and Trapezius

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50
Q

True or false; the optic tract travels around the cerebral peduncles and fibers synapse on one of 3 nuclei or termination

A

True

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51
Q

What the nuclei or termination for most fibers in the optic tract?

A

Lateral geniculate body

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52
Q

Optic tract fibers synapsing on the superior colliculus tells you what muscles will be influenced?

A

SCM and Trapezius because part of the tectospinal tract

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53
Q

What is the third nuclei or termination for the optic tract? What kind of reflexes are they associated with

A

Pretectal nucleus of the midbrain

Fibers deal with light reflexes

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54
Q

True or false; you need both eyes functioning properly for good depth perception

A

True

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55
Q

True or False; CN 3 is only afferent in nature

A

False, it is only Efferent

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56
Q

CN 3 is a motor nerve supplying how many extra ocular muscles

A

5, CN 3 supplies all extra ocular muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus

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57
Q

True or false; CN 3 carries both somatic and parasympathetic fibers

A

True

58
Q

True or false; CN 3 nuclei are somatic nuclei of origin located in the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain

A

True

59
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons to the oculomotor nuclei

A

Brodmann area 8

60
Q

True or False; axons from the oculomotor nucleus do not travel through the red nucleus

A

False, they do

61
Q

Where do nerve fibers exit the skull in the oculomotor pathway

A

Superior orbital fissure

62
Q

True or False, once nerve fibers in the oculomotor pathway exit the SOF they split into a superior and inferior rami

A

True

63
Q

True or false once the motor fibers of the oculomotor nerve exit the CNS they will be covered with myelin

A

True

64
Q

What muscles are supplied by the superior ramus of the oculomotor nerve

A

Superior rectus and Levator palpabrae superiorus

65
Q

What muscles are supplied by the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve

A 
Inferior rectus (central branch)
Medial rectus (medial branch) 
Inferior Oblique (lateral branch)
66
Q

The accessory oculomotor nucleus (Edinger Westphal) contains what kind of neurons? Where do they synapse?

A 
Preganglionic parasympathetic (autonomic) 
After following oculomotor nerve, synapse on ciliary ganglion
67
Q

What do post ganglionic parasympathetic axons of the oculomotor nucleus supply?

A

Ciliaris

Pupillary constrictor

68
Q

True or false opthalmic nerve fibers pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapsing

A

True

69
Q

Where is the trochlear nucleus located? What is unique about the trochclear nerve’s apparent origin

A

In periaqueductal gray of the midbrain (just like oculomotor nucleus)
It is unique because it is only CN with apparent origin posterior midbrain

70
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons to the trochlear nucleus

A

Brodmann area 8
Superior colliculi
Median longitudinal fissure

71
Q

After exiting CNS trochlear nerve curves around the brainstem and enters the orbit where?

A

Superior orbital fissure

72
Q

True or false; the trochlear nerve has communication with the cavernous plexus (sympathetic fibers)

A

True

73
Q

What connection is there between the name “trochlear” nerve and what it supplies

A

it supplies the superior oblique muscle (cheaters muscle) which has a pulley-like mechanism on the medial aspect of orbit

74
Q

What CN nucleus is located on caudal part of pons, on the floor of the rhomboid fossa

A

CN VI the abducens

75
Q

Where does the abducens nerve receive information from?

A

Brodmann area 8
Superior colliculi
Median longitudinal fissure

76
Q

After penetrating the dura and traveling along the cavernous sinus where does the abducens nerve exit the skull

A

Superior orbital fissure

77
Q

What is strabismus (internal and external)

A

Internal strabismus: eyes cross

External strabismus: eyes are directed away from each other

78
Q

What is diplopia

A

While making patient cover one eye and look at eye chart

They report double vision (no way to prove, it is subjective; on word of patient)

79
Q

What is Ptosis

A

Eyelid droops due to weakness of levator palpebrae superioris (oculomotor nerve lesion may be the cause)

80
Q

What would you expect to see in a patient with oculomotor paralysis - external ophthalmoplegia

A 
Diverging strabismus (eye cross) 
Diplopia (double vision eye exam) 
Ptosis (eyelid droop)
81
Q

What would you expect to see in a patient with oculomotor paralysis - Internal ophthalmoplegia

A

Would involve inability to constrict pupil as well as loss of light and accommodation reflexes

82
Q

What are some possible etiologies of oculomotor paralysis

A

aneurysms, or diabetes

83
Q

Is trochlear nerve paralysis common? What are the symptoms?

A 
No, it is rare
Internal strabismus (converging eyes), inability to look down (consequently trouble descending stairs)
84
Q

Is abducens paralysis common? What are some symptoms?

A 
yes, it is most common of the eye nerves 
Internal strabismus (converging eyes), can't move eye laterally, Diplopia (double vision when eye exam)
85
Q

True or False; the trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve with many more sensory fibers than motor

A

True

86
Q

What are the 3 nuclei or termination (sensory) associated with the trigeminal nerve

A

Main sensory nucleus
Spinal nucleus
Trigeminal mesencephalic (near midbrain)

87
Q

What is the nucleus of origin for the trigeminal nerve

A

Trigeminal motor nucleus

88
Q

What is the peripheral ganglion associated with the trigeminal nerve

A

Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion

89
Q

Cell bodies in the sensory pathway of the trigeminal are located where?

A

Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion

Peripheral processes from face travel to this ganglion

90
Q

Where do central processes from the trigeminal ganglion go from the Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion

A

They enter CNS go to main trigeminal nucleus (for touch, vibration, joint proprioception) or to the spinal nucleus (pain and temperature)

91
Q

What spinal tracts are the central processes from the trigeminal ganglion to the main trigeminal nucleus or spinal nucleus akin to

A

The main trigeminal: are like gracilis and cunatus

Spinal: like lateral spinal thalamic

92
Q

What is the only pathway to have sensory cell bodies located in the CNS?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal

93
Q

Describe the pathway for fibers going to the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal

A

Dendrites travel from the periphery pass THROUGH the trigeminal nucleus and enter the CNS to the mesencephalic nucleus

94
Q

What is unique about the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal

A

It is the only pathway in the body to have sensory fibers located IN the CNS

95
Q

What is the only branch of the trigeminal to carry motor fibers?

A

Mandibular

Motor fibers leave the CNS by traveling through the trigeminal nucleus with the mandibular branch

96
Q

What are the 6 areas the mandibular (motor) branch of the trigeminal receives information from?

A 
Cerebral cortex (both hemispheres) 
Reticular formation 
Red nucleus 
Tectum 
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
Mesencephalic nucleus (monosynaptic reflex)
97
Q

Where is the apparent origin of the trigeminal nerve

A

lateral aspect of the pons

98
Q

After the trigeminal nerve leaves the lateral aspect of the pons, it travels anterior ward and enters a pouch of dura called what?

A

Trigeminal (Meckel’s) cave

99
Q

Where do the 3 branches of the trigeminal come off?

A

In the Trigeminal (Meckel’s) cave

100
Q

Where does the opthalmic division of trigeminal enter the skull

A

Through the SOF just like CN III, IV, and VI

101
Q

True or false; the opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve

A

False, it is only sensory in function

102
Q

In addition to carrying sensation from skin over nose, forehead and scalp the opthalmic division of trigeminal carries sensation from where?

A

Mucous membranes in frontal and sphenoid sinuses and membrane covering nasal septum

103
Q

What are the 4 branches given off the opthalmic division of trigeminal

A

Meningeal nerve, Lacrimal, Nasociliary and Frontal

Men Lack Nothing Familiar

104
Q

What branch of the opthalmic division of the trigeminal is given off before entering the SOF? What does it supply

A

The meningeal branch

Dura lining middle cranial fossa

105
Q

What is the smallest branch of the opthalmic division of trigeminal? What does it supply?

A

Lacrimal
Lacrimal gland (sensory only)
*Also carries some parasympathetic fibers (secretory) originating from CN VII pterygopalatine ganglion

106
Q

What is the largest branch of the opthalmic division of trigeminal? What does it branch into? What does it supply?

A

Frontal nerve
Supratrochlear nerve: sensation from medial corner of eye

Surpaorbital: sensation from conductive, upper eyelid and forehead-mucus membrane lining frontal sinus

107
Q

What is the branch of the opthalmic division of trigeminal that branches 3 times and has two terminal branches? What are these branches?

A

nasociliary nerve

3 branches:
communicating branch to ciliary ganglion
Long ciliary nerve supplies the eyeball
Posterior ethmoid nerve-sensation from sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses

2 terminal branches:
Anterior ethmoid- supplying skin over nose mucus membrane anterior part nasal septum
Infrotrochlear-supplying medial corner of eye-includes lacrimal sac

108
Q

True or False; the maxillary division of trigeminal is sensory only

A

True

109
Q

Where does the maxillary division of trigeminal enter the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

foramen rotundum (round foramen)

110
Q

What sensory function does the maxillary division of trigeminal supply?

A

skin between eyes and mouth, over cheeks and temples, mucosa lining the maxillary sinuses, nasal conchae, palate and gingiva

111
Q

What are the 4 branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal?

A

Middle meningeal nerve, Zygomatic nerve, two or three ganglionic branches, and infraorbital nerve

112
Q

What is the only branch of the maxillary division of trigeminal to branch off before exiting the round foramen? What does it supply?

A

middle meningeal nerve- meninges of the middle cranial fossa

113
Q

What branch of the maxillary division of trigeminal has 3 branches supplying skin over the face? What are they? What do they supply?

A

Zygomatic nerve
Communicating branch-postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal gland
zygomaticotemporal nerve- skin over the temple
zygomaticofacial nerve- skin over the cheek

114
Q

What do the two or three ganglionic branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal supply?

A

sensory information from the upper pharynx, nasal cavity, and palate through the pterygopalatine ganglion (NO SYNAPSE) to maxillary division

115
Q

What branch of the maxillary division of trigeminal gives off 3 branches that supply teeth? What are these branches called?

A

Infraorbital nerve
Anterior, Middle, and Posterior alveolar nerves

Infraorbital nerve also supplies lower eyelid and maxillary sinus

116
Q

True or False; branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal distribute postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

True

117
Q

True or False; postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

True

118
Q

Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal exit the skull?

A

Foramen ovale

119
Q

True or false; the mandibular division of trigeminal is a mixed nerve

A

True

120
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication that the mandibular division of trigeminal supplies?

A

Masseter, Temporalis, Medial and Lateral pterygoid

121
Q

The recurrent meningeal branch (nervous spinosum) is a branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal, what is unique about its course? What does it supply?

A

It branches off the mandibular division after V3 has left the skull, then the recurrent meningeal branch reenters the skull
Supplies dura of middle cranial fossa and anterior cranial fossa and calvarium

122
Q

The medial pterygoid nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal is the motor supply to what muscle? It gives rise to fibers that travel through where and supply what?

A

Supplies medial pterygoid muscle

Travels through Otic ganglion, supplies tensor veli palatine and tensor tympani

123
Q

When the mandibular division of trigeminal divides into a anterior and posterior division are both divisions still mixed?

A

Not really, the anterior is predominantly motor and the posterior is predominantly sensory

124
Q

The anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal gives rise to what 4 nerves

A

Masseter nerve
Deep temporal nerve
Lateral pterygoid nerve
Buccal nerve

125
Q

In addition to the masseter nerve (branch off of the anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) supplying motor information for the masseter muscle, what else does it supply?

A

sensory information from temporomandibular joint

126
Q

True or False; the deep temporal nerve (a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) gives off two branches each of which supply the temporalis muscle

A

True

127
Q

True or false; the buccal nerve (a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) is sensory only in function

A

True

128
Q

What does the buccal nerve (a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) supply/

A

Sensory from cheek (skin and mucosal) and buccal gingivae of molars

129
Q

Which is bigger the anterior division or posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal

A

Posterior division

130
Q

What are the 3 nerves given off the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar

131
Q

What are the 2 autonomic ganglia associated with the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal?

A

Submandibular ganglion

Otic ganglion

132
Q

True or false; the auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) passes through parotid gland as it carries sensory info from skin of temple and ear

A

True

133
Q

The auricotemporal nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) carries some post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from what ganglion?

A

Otic ganglion

134
Q

The lingual nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) combines with this branch of CN VII in the infra temporal fossa

A

Chorda tympani

135
Q

True or false; the inferior alveolar nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) is a mixed nerve

A

True

136
Q

The inferior alveolar nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) has two sensory branches, what are they? What do they supply?

A

Incisive branch and mental nerve

Incisive-supplies incisors, canines, and 1st pre-molars
Mental-labial gingivae adjacent incisors and skin of lower lip and chin

137
Q

What do the motor fibers from the inferior alveolar nerve (a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal) supply?

A

Mylohyoid and ANTERIOR belly of digastric

138
Q

The submandibular ganglion receives what kind of fibers from CN VII?

A

Pre-ganglionic fibers after lingual nerve combines with chorda tympani

139
Q

The Otic ganglion sends fibers to where? What kind are they?

A

Post-ganglionic (parasympathetic) fibers to the parotid gland

140
Q

What is Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Facial pain “described as worst pain of life”

Peripheral Nervous System (3 decks)

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