Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Chapter 6:
A
Management of Infection
2
Q
Abcess
A
Localized collection of pus within body tissues
3
Q
Aerobes
A
Bacteria that require oxygen to survive
4
Q
Anaerobes
A
Bacteria that cannot survive in an oxygen rich environment
5
Q
Antibacterial
A
Type of antimicrobial that is effective against bacteria
6
Q
Antibiotics
A
Oral or intravenously delivered substance that destroyed or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
7
Q
Antifungal
A
Type of antimicrobial that destroys yeast and molds
8
Q
Antimicrobial
A
Substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
9
Q
Antiseptic
A
Antimicrobial designed to reduce bacterial contamination on intact skin
10
Q
Bactericidal
A
Antimicrobial agent that is capable of killing bacteria
11
Q
Bacteriostatic
A
Antimicrobial agent that inhibits bacterial cell growth
12
Q
Biofilms
A
Communities of microorganisms that are attached to a wound surface and encased with glycocalyx
13
Q
Clean technique
A
Infection control procedure designed to reduce the number of microbes present and decrease the risk of infection
14
Q
Colonization
A
Normal presence of a small number of microbes (less than 10^3 organisms/gram of tissue)
15
Q
Complement system
A
A cascade of proteins produced by the body that enhance the body’s defense against pathologies
16
Q
Contamination
A
Presence or anticipated presence of blood, wound fluid or other potentially infectious waste
17
Q
Critical colonization
A
Point at which increasing would bioburden begins to adversely affect wound healing
18
Q
Disinfect
A
To clean a surface with a antimicrobial
19
Q
Fluid aspiration
A
Method of identifying wound infection in which a physician uses a needle to remove 1.0 mL of fluid from the wound area for analysis
20
Q
Gram-negative
A
Method of identifying microorganisms , gram negative are not stained by crystal violet but are stained by safranin
21
Q
Gram-positive
A
Method of identifying microorganisms, gram positive organisms are stained by crystal violet
22
Q
Infection
A
Invasion and multiplication of microogranisms within body tissues, wound culture reveals greater than 10^5 microbes per gram of tissue
23
Q
MRSA
A
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
24
Q
Nosocomial Infection
A
An infection that is acquired while hospitalized
25
Resistant
A bacteria that cannot be killed by a certain antimicrobial
26
Sensitive
If a bacteria can be killed by a certain antimicrobial
27
Standard Precautions
Type of infection control that includes universal precautions, hand washing, and personal protective equipment
28
Sterile technique
Methods of infection control that uses only sterile equipments
29
Sterilization
Procedure that destroys all microbes from the area of interest
30
Swab Cultures
Methods to identify and quantify microbes present in a wound
31
Tissue Biopsy
Procedure in which a physician removes a sample of living tissue from the wound to identify infection
32
Universal Precautions
Type of infection control in which all blood and body fluids are considered to be contaminated
33
VRE
Vacomycin-resistant Enterococci
34
Chapter 7
Dressing Selection and Bandaging
35
Alginate
Absorptive wound dressing made from brown seaweed
36
Biologic dressings
Wound dressings derived from natural tissues
37
Biosynthetic dressings
Wound dressings derived from natural tissues and nonnatural tissues
38
Composite dressings
Multilayer dressings made from a combination of wound dressing categories
39
Gauze
Traditional wound dressing, woven or non woven, available in sheets, rolls, and packing strips
40
Granuloma
Chronic inflammation around a foreign body
41
Hydrocolloids
Moisture retentive occlusive wound dressing consisting of gelatin, pectin, and carboxymethylcellulose hydrophilic particles with an adhesive backing
42
Hydrogels
Moisture retentive would dressing that is 80-99% water or glycerin based, available in sheets and as an amorphus gel
43
Impregnated gauze
Mesh gauze with a topical agent such as an amorphus hydrogel or petrolatum incorporated into it
44
Moisture barriers
Substance used to protect the periwound and intact skin from excessive moisture. Some moisture barriers are also safe for use on rashes and broken skin
45
Moisture retentive dressings
Specialized synthetic or organic wound dressing
46
Moisture vapor transmission rate
The rate at which gas is able to escape through a moisture retentive dressing
47
Moisturizers
Substance used to relieve and prevent dry skin
48
Occlusion
The ability of a dressing to prevent transmission of moisture vapor and gases from the wound bed
49
Primary dressing
Wound covering that comes into direct contact with the wound bed
50
Secondary dressing
Wound dressing placed over the primary dressing that provides increased protection, cushioning, absorption and or occlusion
51
Semipermeable film
Moisture retentive wound dressing consisting of a transparent polyurethane sheet with an adhesive backing, impermeable to bacteria and water
52
Semipermeable foam
Moisture retentive wound dressing consisting of a polyurethane foam with or without an adhesive backing
53
Skin sealants
Product used on intact periwound to protect the skin from excessive moisture and or adhesives
54
Skin substitutes
Products used for temporary or extended skin coverage
55
Tissue adhesives
Also known as skin glue, over the counter alternative to sutures and staples for primary wound closure
56
Chapter 10
Arterial Insufficiency Ulcers
57
Ankle-Brachial Index
Indirect measure of peripheral perfusion, calculated as the systolic pressure of the ankle divided by the systolic pressure of the brachium. Normally .9-1.1
58
Arterial Insufficiency
Decreased arterial blood supply, most commonly due to arteriosclerosis
59
Arteriography
Invasive procedure in which radioactive dye is used to assess blood flow
60
Arteriosclerosis
General term for thickening and hardening of arterial walls
61
Artherosclerosis
Systemic, degenerative process in which the arterial lumen is gradually encroached upon by plaque formation
62
Capillary refill
Indicator of surface blood flow, normally less than 3 seconds
63
Doppler ultrasound
Instrument used to assess arterial or venous flow
64
Duplex scanning
Noninvasive medical test to assess peripheral blood flow, velocity and turbulence
65
Gangrene
Dead tissues that is dry, dark, cold and contracted, must be surgically removed
66
Intermittent Claudication
Activity specific discomfort due to local ischemia
67
Intimal Layer
Inner layer of arteries and veins composed of single endothelial cell layer
68
Ischemic rest pain
Burning pain due to arterial insufficiency that occurs at rest
69
Ischemic ulcers
Arterial insufficiency ulcer
70
Plethysmography
Noninvasive medical test to assess peripheral blood flow
71
Rubor of dependency
Test to assess arterial blood flow
72
Segmental pressure measurements
Serial blood pressure measurements used to localize an area of decreased arterial blood flow
73
Toe pressures
Test to assess digit perfusion
74
Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring (TCOM or TcPO2)
Test measuring tissue oxygen content
75
Tunica externa
Protective outer layer of arteries and veins, formerly called adventitia
76
Tunica media
Middle layer of arteries and veins composed of smooth muscle along with some collagen and elastin fibers
77
Venous filling time
Test to assess peripheral blood flow
78
Chapter 11
Venous Insufficiency Ulcers
79
Calf muscle pump
Pressure changes within the venous system in which muscle contraction forces blood proximally
80
Cellulitis
Inflammation of connective tissue; infection in or close to, the skin
81
Compression garment
Custom or off the shelf compression sleeve for venous insufficiency, lymphedema, or burn scare mgmt
82
Deep veins
Located within muscles, roughly parallel arterial system
83
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin associated with itching, redness, and open lesions
84
Fibrin cuff theory
Theory that venous insufficiency ulcers are due to the development of fibrin cuffs around the capillaries
85
Hemosiderin deposition
Occurs when the byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells is forced into the interstitium by venous hypertension
86
Homan's sign
Assessment technique historically used to identify a deep vein thrombosis that has been since found to be inaccurate
87
Laplace's law
Formula describing the determinants of the amount of compression exerted by a bandage
88
Ligation
Tying off, perforating veins may be ligated to reduce hypertension in the superficial veins
89
Lipodermatosclerosis
Hyperpigamentation and accompanying erythema, induration and plaque-like structural changes due to long-standing venous insufficiency
90
Multilayer compression bandage
Compression bandage composed of many layers used for the treatment of venous insufficiency ulcers and or lymphedema
91
Paste bandage
Nonelastic compression bandage, such as unna's boot
92
Percutaneous ablation of perforators (PAPS)
Endoscopic surgery for chronic venous insufficiency
93
Perforating veins
Veins that pierce the fascia to connect to deep and superficial venous system
94
Pruritus
Severe itching
95
Respiratory pump
Pressure changes within the venous system in which inspiration and expiration force blood toward the heart
96
Sclerotherapy
Injection of an agent to fibrose dysfunctional veins
97
SEPS procedure
Endoscopic surgery for chronic venous insufficiency
98
Short-stretch compression wrap
Compression wrap with low resting pressure and little distensibility
99
Superficial veins
Veins located within the subcutaneous tissue, assist with temperature regulation
100
Trendelenburg test
Test to identify vein incompetence
101
Tubular bandage
Off the shelf sleeves to provide compression
102
Varicosity
Dilated vein. In addition to increased lumen size, varicosities typically entail increased vessel length and tortuosity
103
Vasopneumatic compression device
Pneumatic device consisting of a bilayered sleeve to provide compression
104
Vein stripping
Surgical resection of veins
105
Venography
Invasive procedure in which radioactive dye is used to assess venous blood flow
106
Venous hypertension
Increased backward pressure within the venous system
107
Venous stasis ulcer
Ulcer caused by venous insufficiency
108
White blood cell trapping theory
Theory that venous insufficiency ulcers are due to activated white blood cells within the interstitium
109
Chapter 11
Pressure Ulcers
110
Air-fluidized pressure-relieving device
Dynamic pressure relieving support surface
111
Alternating pressure-relieving device
Dynamic pressure relieving support surface
112
Bottoming out
Occurs when there is less than 3/4 to 1 inch of support material between the patient and support surface
113
Capillary closing pressure
Amount of external pressure that must be applied to prohibit capillary blood flow, generally 13-32 mmHg
114
Dynamic support surface
Electric device that uses currents of air or fluid to redistribute pressure across the body
115
Fluid-filled pressure-reducing device
Static pressure reducing support surface made of air, water or gel
116
Foam pressure-reducing device
Static pressure reducing support surface appropriate for patients with low risk for ulcer development
117
Friction
When two surfaces move across one another
118
Hand check
Method to assess for bottoming out by placing outstretched hand palm up between the support surface and patient
119
International NPUAP/EPUAP Pressure Ulcer Classification System
Classification system for pressure ulcers updated in 2009
120
Ischemia reperfusion injury
Repeated bouts of localized tissue ischemia from pressure or peripheral arterial disease and reperfusion that may cause gradual, progressive tissue damage
121
Low-air-loss-pressure-relieving device
Dynamic pressure relieving support surface
122
Chapter 13
Neuropathic Ulcers
123
Autonomic neuropathy
Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system that may result from uncontrolled diabetes
124
Charcot foot
Neuropathic fracture/dislocation found in patients with diabetes, most commonly resulting in a rocker bottom foot deformity
125
Incision and drainage
Procedure in which an abscess is surgically opened and thoroughly irrigated
126
Motor neuropathy
Dysfunction of the motor nerves leading to atrophy, weakness and or paralysis
127
Neuropathic ulceration
Ulcer due to insensitivity; previously referred to as a diabetic ulcer
128
Padded ankle-foot orthoses
Method of treating neuropathic ulcers, removable brace that reduces plantar pressure and immobilizes the ankle and foot
129
Sensory neuropathy
Dysfunction of sensory nerves leading to an altered or decreased sensation
130
Total contact cast
Modified short leg cast used to treat uninfected grade 1 or 2 plantar neuropathic ulcers
131
Wagner classification system
Classification system for neuropathic ulcers
132
Walking splint
Bivalved total contact cast used to treat neuropathic ulcers
