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Rad Phys > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is another name for overexposed?

A

burned out

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1
Q

If the film is too dark it is

a. overexposed
b. underexposed

A

a

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2
Q

If a film is too dark but can see the structures what should you do?

A

decrease kVp 15%

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3
Q

T/F

kVp and mAs can make a film darker or lighter

A

True

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4
Q

Quantity of x-rays is under the control of ________

a. mAs
b. kVp

A

a

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5
Q

What is the primary function of mAs?

A

Density

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6
Q

Patient exposure to x-ray is __________ with increased mAs

a. increased
b. decreased

So, increasing the mAs will do what to the x-ray?

A

a

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7
Q

Quality of the beam is under the control of…

a. mAs
b. kVp

A

b

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8
Q

What should be done if an x-ray is underexposed? (too light)

A

Double mAs or increase kVp by 15%

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9
Q

What should be done if an x-ray is overexposed?

A

half mAs or decrease kVp 15%

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10
Q

beam penetrability is controlled by the ________

A

kVp

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11
Q

Patient exposure is ____________ affected by kVp

a. greatly
b. not greatly

A

b

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12
Q

What percentage should mAs be change to make the 1st visible change in density?

A

30%

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13
Q

_______ mAs will reduce density by 1/2

A

50%

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14
Q

T/F

30% and 50% rules apply to both mAs and kVp

A

false, only mAs

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15
Q

If you can’t see any structures on an x-ray because it is too light, what do you do?

A

increase kVp 15% AND double mAs

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16
Q

decreasing mAs can be done by either…

A

decreasing the time or mAs

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17
Q

decreasing time of mAs will lessen what?

A

motion

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18
Q

at a high mA station decreasing mA will ________ stress on the tube

a. decrease
b. increase

A

a

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19
Q

What is the 50% reciprocal rule?

A

doubling the mAs doubles the density of the film

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20
Q

doubling the time would allow ________ patient motion

a. more
b. less

A

more

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21
Q

When a film is too dark but you can still see the structure use the _________

A

50% rule

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22
Q

If a film is too light buy you still see the structures what do you do?

A

double the mAs

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23
Q

What does the kV control?

A

film contrast, it will also change the film density

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24
Q

a film that has too low of a kV will be what?
a. too light
b. too dark
why?

A

a

what ever is being x-rayed is under penetrated

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25
Q

If a film is too dark from too much kV, it is known as?

A

over-penetrated

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26
Q

how much kv to see the first change of density of a film?

A

4

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27
Q

________ increase in kV will 2x the density of a film

A

15%

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28
Q

a 15% decrease in kV will do what to the density?

A

decrease it by half

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29
Q

15% of the kVi s equal to what in mAs?

A

1/2 mAs with a decrease in kV of 15%

2x mAs with an increase in kV of 15%

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30
Q

The optimal kV drives the best contrast with…

A

the least amount of radiation

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31
Q

If a film is too dark and you can\t see structures what do you do?

A

decrease both kV and mAs

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32
Q

If the film is too light and you can’t see structures what do you do?

A

increase kV and mAs

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33
Q

what will the film look like if the film density is too high?

A

it will be too dark

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34
Q

film fogging will increase or decrease film density?

A

increase

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35
Q

What are some examples of film fogging?

What will the end result be?

A 
scattered rays 
regular (overhead) light
safe light 
increased developing temperature, time or concentration
expired film

increase film density (too dark)

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36
Q

Decreased tube distance without reducing the technique will increase or decrease film density?

A

increase

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37
Q

increasing film size and collimation without reducing technique will increase or decrease film density?

A

increase

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38
Q

T/F collimation from a smaller size to a larger one will add density

Why?

What will the end result be on the film?

A

true

more scatter

increased density (darker)

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39
Q

lack of a compensating filtration that is needed for a body part will result in what?

A

increased film density

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40
Q

not using the grid with grid technique factors will increase or decrease film density?

A

increased film density

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41
Q

Wrong film-screen combination will increase or decrease film density?

A

increase

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42
Q

tissue, body build and age will do are all factors to what

A

film density

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43
Q

incomplete exposure will increase or decrease film density

A

decrease

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44
Q

a malfunction in equipment will increase or decrease film density

A

decrease

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45
Q

An increase in tube distance without increasing the technique will increase or decrease film density

A

decrease

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46
Q

Film density is greatest with ___________ and least with _______

A

air; bone/metal

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47
Q

The difference between densities is known as what?

A

film contrast

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48
Q

films that are black and white generally have ________ contrast

a. high
b. low

A

a

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49
Q

T/F In a high contrast film the film is generally bright and dark with many step in between?

A

False, few steps between

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50
Q

A high contrast film is also known as a ____________, and have a _________ exposure latitude

a. short scale contrast; narrow
b. short scale contrast; wide
c. long scale contrast; narrow
d. long scale contrast; wide

A

a

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51
Q

A low contrast film is also known as a ____________, and have a _________ exposure latitude

a. short scale contrast; narrow
b. short scale contrast; wide
c. long scale contrast; narrow
d. long scale contrast; wide

A

d

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52
Q

______ contrast films are generally grey and have little black and white.

A

low

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53
Q

for higher contrast films use ________ kV and __________ mAs.

A

lower; higher

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54
Q

For lower contrast films use ___________ kV and _________ mAs

A

higher; lower

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55
Q

For one imaging we basically want a relatively __________ contrast

a. high
b. low

A

a

56
Q

Film is manufactured for different contrast this is called___________ or ___________

A

detector contrast or film contrast

57
Q

What controls contrast

a. kV
b. mAs

A

a

58
Q

to increase contrast if the film is too gray _________ kV and _________ mAs.

A

decrease kV and increase mAs

59
Q

if the density of a film is good but too gray what should you do?

A

cut the kV by 15% and 2x the mAs

60
Q

Is contrast better or worse when the film is too light?

A

worse

61
Q

2x mAs is equal to what in kV?

A

15%

62
Q

What do you do to kVs and mAs if you need to decrease the contrast?

A

cut mAs in half and increase kVs by 15%

63
Q

Contrast is better or worse when a film is too dark?

A

worse

64
Q

What are some things that can adversely affect contrast on a film?

A

fog of any type
processing problems
too much or too little selective filtration
wrong film for the screen used
using a frid with anon grid technique and visa versa
improper techniue for the tue distance

65
Q

Contrast on film occurs between structures of different ___________

A

densities

66
Q

Contrast is due to the type of thickness of tissue absorbing the rays differently, this is called

A

differential absorption

67
Q

bone __________ all or most rays leaving a white shadow on the film

a. absorbs
b. reflects

A

a

68
Q

Water structures absorb fewer rays leaving what kind of shadow?

A

gray

69
Q

how is the appearance of fat on a x-ray?

A

little absorption leaves a dark gray

70
Q

what is the appearance of air on an x-ray?

A

black

71
Q

What are the four different densities in the body?

A

air, oil, water, calcium

72
Q

the greater the thickness of the structure the __________ the density

A

greater

73
Q

a thick structure on an x-ray will appear _________ than a thin one

a. lighter
b. darker

A

a

74
Q

t/f

The thicker structure will reflect more rays than a thinner

A

false, it will absorb

75
Q

What radiographic technique should be avoided?

A

variable kV

76
Q

What technique would the mAs stay constant but the kVp will vary?

A

variable kV

77
Q

What are the three types of radiographic techniques?

A

variable kV
Fixed KV
High KV technique

78
Q

For variable kV a large person would need a ________ kV

a. high
b. low

A

high, a thin person would need a low

79
Q

is there more or less scatter with large bodies and high kV?

A

more

80
Q

which radiographic technique is mostly used today?

A

Fixed kV technique

81
Q

mAs is varied for the thickness in what kind of radiographic technique?

A

fixed kV technique

82
Q

contrast shoudl be consistent in what radiographic technique?

A

Fixed KV technique

83
Q

what radiographic technique is not for bone films?

A

high kV techniue

84
Q

What are the settings for an x-ray?

A 
automatic exposure control
technique chart 
slide rule calculator
Anatomical programmed chips
variation from the chart
recommended optimal kV ranges
85
Q

what setting would be used if the exposure is made by photocells behind the patient?

When is exposure terminated?

A

automatic exposure control

when desired density is reached

86
Q

what setting is pre-set by the operator and proper patient positioning is critical?

A

automatic exposure control

87
Q

t/f

Technique charts are precise

A

false they are estimates

88
Q

how should you get your technique chart?

A

with your unit

89
Q

how are technique charts listed?

how are they measured?

A

list the body part and view

in cm, some parts may have a S,M, and L designation used for extremities and ribs

90
Q

t/f

technique charts usually have the recommended kV, mA, tie and mAs

A

true

91
Q

t/f

the technique chart will not need modifications

A

false

92
Q

why do technique charts sometimes need modifications?

A

due to variance of machines and electrical output

the film screen, grid type, generator, patient age, habitus and some disease processes play a part too

93
Q

What is the rule of thumb for technique charts?

A

if using high frequency with a chart made for single cut the mAs in half

94
Q

What device is known as supertech?

A

slide rule calculator

95
Q

What setting has a chip installed in the console with desired techniques?

What does the chip do?

A

anatomical programmed chips

allows selection of a preferred radiographic technique by measurement of a part

96
Q

how does an anatomical programmed chip work?

A

the part and view is selected and the cm is entered the kV and mAs are set automatically, but they can be set manually

97
Q

what setting would you use for patients that are considered “non-standard?

A

variation from the charts

98
Q

a patient less than age of 12 how much do you decrease the mAs?

A

30-50%, you would decrease it even more for infants

99
Q

What should you do to the mAs for an osteoporotic patient?

A

decrease the mAs by 30%-50%, this would include bedridden patients

100
Q

What should be done to mAs for an obese patient?

A

increase the mAs 30-50%

101
Q

what would you do to the mAs for excessively muscular and big boned patients?

A

increase the mAs by 50%

102
Q

What will staying in the optimal kV range do?

A

assures good contrast with minimum of patient exposure

103
Q

t/f

film density is varied with mAs when the optimal range is used

A

true

104
Q

it is more difficult to see _______ when films are too dark or too light

A

detail

105
Q

it is difficult to see detail on films with too much ___________

A

grain

106
Q

What are some reasons it may be difficult to see detail on screens?

A 
too fast of screens
too high of kV and low mAs
dirty or poorly cleaned screens 
screens cleaned with harsh substances 
old deteriorated screens
107
Q

the ability to visualize small structures clearly

A

detail

108
Q

What details should be able to be seen?

A

clarity of internal and external margins of a structure

109
Q

lack of clarity =

A

poor detail

110
Q

good clarity =

A

good detail

111
Q

the edges of a structure will be unclear

A

unsharpness

112
Q

if their is no unsharpness there is what?

A

a good recorded detail

113
Q

unsharpness is called

A

penumbra

114
Q

sharpness is called

A

umbra

115
Q

what are the three things that cause unsharpness?

A

geometric unsharpness
screen unsharpness
motion unsharpness

116
Q

What is the term of sharpness that relates to the distance between the focal spot and object?

A

geometric unsharpness

117
Q

What will a decrease in the SID do to the geometric unsharpness?

A

increases it

118
Q

What will an increase in SID do to sharpness?

A

increases sharpness

119
Q

What does an increase in the object film distance do to the

A

increases geometric unsharpness

120
Q

What does an increase in object film distance do to the sharpness of an image?

A

increase it

121
Q

What does a small focal spot do to sharpness?

A

increases geometric sharpness

122
Q

What does a large focal spot do to the geometric unsharpness?

A

increases unsharpness

123
Q

What are three things that you could do to decrease geometric unsharpness?

A

use a short of an object film density
use as long of a SID
use a small focal spot

124
Q

is there less clarity when using a single screen or no screen

A

a single screen

125
Q

Which has less clarity a single screen or a double screen?

A

a double screen

126
Q

do high or low speed screen have less clarity?

A

high speed screens

127
Q

In order to reduce screen unsarpness and maintain low patient exposure what should you do?

A

use 400 speed rare earth screens

maintain good film/screen contact - if they are warped or damaged they should be replaced.

128
Q

What is the most common cause of image blur?

a. Geometric unsharpness
b. Screen unsharpness
c. motion unsharpness

A

c

129
Q

What are some things that can be done in order to limit patient motion unsharpness?

A

use short exposure time
instruct patient not to move
have patient hold breath for longer exposures

130
Q

what are the two things that can contribute to motion unsharpness?

A

patient motion and equipment motion

131
Q

What are some stabilizing devices that can be used to reduce patient motion?

A 
patient is more stable when against with the grid cabinet
radiographic table 
head clams
radiographic sponges
someone holding the patient
132
Q

What are some things that can cause equipment motion unsharpness?

A

faulty locks for the tube
faulty grid cabinet locks on upright equipment
unstable cassette holder or frame

133
Q

how do you avoid equipment motion unsharpness?

A

check equipment

134
Q

blurring from motion is almost always due to what?

A

patient moving

135
Q

What is the grid range?

A

40”-72”

136
Q

What is the interspacing material for grids?

A

aluminum

137
Q

When should you use a grid?

a. when the part is over
b. when the kV is more than
c. are there any exceptions

A

a. 10-15 cm
b. 70
c. some exceptions in the cerv. spine

Rad Phys (2 decks)

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