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Rad Phys > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What was x-ray originally known as?

A

Roentgen ray

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1
Q

Who discovered x-ray?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentegen in 1895

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2
Q

What was the first x-ray done of?

A

Bertha’s hand

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3
Q

When was x-ray first introduced into chiropractic and by whom?

A

BJ palmer in 1910

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4
Q

T/F all x-rays have predictable qualities

A

True

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5
Q

Distance either…

a. reduces intensity
b. increases intensity

A

a

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6
Q

What is the main cause of image distortion?

A

divergence

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7
Q

T/F x-rays are stored in matter

A

false

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8
Q

T/F x-rays cannot be focused, reflected or refracted

A

True

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9
Q

What are the three things that are needed to give birth to an x-ray?

A
  1. source of electrons
  2. a way to accelerate them to a high speed
  3. a hard surface to stop them
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10
Q

The three things necessary for an x-ray are included in what part of the tube?

a. tube
b. filter
c. collimator
d. grid

A

a

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11
Q

What is the name of the device that limits the size of the x-ray beam?

A

callimator

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the grid that is behind the patient?

A

stop the secondary waves

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13
Q

put the following in order….

collimator, film, cassette, patient, screens, grid, tube, filter

A

tube, filter, collimator, patient, grid, cassette, screens, film

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14
Q

__________ means producing x-ray images

A

radiography

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15
Q

____________ interpreting x-ray images

A

radiology

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16
Q

What type of radiation is produced with x-rays?

A

Electromagnetic energy

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17
Q

EMR is typically measured in?

a. electron volts
b. hertz
c. meters

A

a

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18
Q

EMR frequency is typically measured in?

a. electron volts
b. hertz
c. meters

A

b

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19
Q

EMR wavelength is typically measured in?

a. electron volts
b. hertz
c. meters

A

c

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20
Q

What is another name for photons?

A

quanta

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21
Q

T/F EMR travels at the speed of light
have no mass
travel individually

A

T
T
F

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22
Q

What are the two type of radiation that EMR is divided into?

A

ionizing and non-ionizing

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23
Q

ionizing radiation usually has

a. long wave and low frequency
b. long wave and high frequency
c. short wave and low frequency
d. short wave and high frequency

A

d

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24
Q

Which type of radiation is harmful?

a. ionizing
b. non-ionizing

A

a

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25
Q

What is a beam limiting device of today?

A

Collimator

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the collimation?

A

limit size of primary beam

limit secondary rays

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27
Q

What do secondary waves do to an x-ray?

A

causes graying and darkening

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28
Q

What is the purpose of a compensating filter?

A

attenuates the beam to lessen intensity to thinner parts

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29
Q

Where are portal filters usually found?

A

in front of the beam limiting device (callometer)

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30
Q

What are compensating filters usually made of?

A

aluminum and copper

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31
Q

A patients ID marker is required on the film before processing?

A

True

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32
Q

The name of the facility that took the x-ray should be included or the __________

A

Doctor responsible

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33
Q

What four things are required on an x-rays ID marker?

A

Name of the facility or the Drs name
Address of that facility
Name and/or identifying patient
Date of the study

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34
Q

What are four things that are not required to be ncluded on the x-ray but is nice to have?

A

sex
region x-rayed
view taken
date of birth

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35
Q

What is the best method to apply an ID marker to an x-ray?

A

flash on printer

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36
Q

ID markers are usually ________ and put on ________ or _______

A

lead; grid cabinet or cassette

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37
Q

On frontal and oblique projections R and L are put on __________

A

The patients right or left side

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38
Q

on lateral views an R or an L is placed on which side?

A

The side that is closest to the film

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39
Q

T/F When placing a marker on the patient, the upright position should be designated.

A

True

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40
Q

What kind of Marker tells R or L and recumbent or upright?

A

Mitchell

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41
Q

T/F markers should be included in the anatomy.

A

False

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42
Q

What should be done if an x-ray has no marker on it?

A

it may need to be retaken in order to make it legal

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43
Q

not electromagnetic but has ionizing ability…

A

particle radiation

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44
Q

particle radiation comes from what?

A

decay of a radioactive atoms nucleus

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45
Q

alpha and eta particles are more or less penetrating than x-ray

A

less

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46
Q

alpha and beta particles are more or less harmful than x-rays

A

more (when inhaled)

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47
Q

measuring ionizing radiation is known as…

A

dosimetry

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48
Q

what performs dosimetry?

A

dosimeter

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49
Q

How is ionizing radiation measured?

A

roentgen or coulombs

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50
Q

What does RAD stand for…

aka?

A

Radiation absorbed dose

Gray

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51
Q

how many rad units to 1 gray?

A

100

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52
Q

1/1000 of a rad is known as…

A

millirad

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53
Q

How are RADs normally used?

A

biological effects of radiation to specific organs and tissues

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54
Q

What does REM stand for?

aka

A

Radiation equivalent man

sievert

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55
Q

What is rem used for?

A

used for radiation detection in reporting exposure

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56
Q

dosimetry for workers is usually in the form of what?

A

film badges

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57
Q

What is not used with x-ray?

a. roentgen
b. RAD
c. REM
d. Curie

A

d

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58
Q

what are the sources of natural ionizing radiation?

A

cosmic
terrestrial
internal

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59
Q

What are the sources of man made radiation?

A

Diagnostic x-ray
nuclear medicine
Consumer products
Nuclear testing/reactors

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60
Q

what percentage of our yearly radiation exposure is made of background radiation?

A

82%

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61
Q

three important points about cosmic radiation

A
  1. exposure from sun and stars
  2. higher altitude increases exposure
  3. increases further the latitude from the equator
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62
Q

terrestrial radiation is aka?

A

external terrestrial

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63
Q

Radon is a form of what type of radiation?

A

terrestrial

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64
Q

What are some sources of terrestrial radiation?

A

soil, rocks and mountains, brick wallboard and cement

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65
Q

55% of our total yearly radiation comes from what?

A

Terrestrial radiation

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66
Q

internal radiation comes from what?

A

nuclides

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67
Q

how do we get internal radiation?

A

ingested from food and water

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68
Q

what percentage of our yearly dose of radiation come from man made products?

A

18%

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69
Q

What is the largest source of manmade radiation?

A

Diagnostic x-ray

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70
Q

t/f

long term effects f low levels of radiation are definitive.

A

false

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71
Q

What is the theory that any amount of x-ray exposure is harmful?

A

the linear theory

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72
Q

What are the types of radiation doses?

A 
Whole body dose
skin entrance dose
organ dose
somatic dose
Genetic dose
fetal dose
stochastic somatic dose 
deterministic somatic dose
protraction
fractionation
radiation hormesis
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73
Q

What is the more detrimental type of radiation exposure?

a. whole body
b. skin entrance
c. organ dose
d. somatic dose

A

whole body dose

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74
Q

T/F the deeper the tissue the less exposure

A

True, this is due to absorption

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75
Q

what are the symptoms of a somatic dose?

A

hair loss and erythema

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76
Q

What type of dose can cause damage to a future generation?

A

Genetic dose

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77
Q

T/F

The patient is being irradiated when hit with genetic dose of radiation

A

false, future offspring

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78
Q

What are the greatest effects of genetic dose

A

leukemia and mutation

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79
Q

T/F

A radiation physicist can calculate a fetal dose of radiation

A

True

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80
Q

a fetal exposure of up to ________ is not expected to cause any effects on the newborn

A

10 rads

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81
Q

What are stochastic somatic effects?

A

long term effects such as cancer and cataracts

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82
Q

radiotherapy and radioactive implants are examples of what?

A

protraction, low level continuously, effects are reduced

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83
Q

also used in radiotherapy, non continuous exposure to high doses reduces effects

A

fractionatioin

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84
Q

the apparent beneficial effects of radiation

A

radiation hormesis

85
Q

T/F all radiation is harmful

A

false

86
Q

T/F

small-moderate doses of radiation may reduce infection and fatal malignancies and prolong life

A

true

87
Q

200-1000 rads acute whole body

A

hematological syndrome

88
Q

1000-5000 rads

A

gastrointestinal syndrome

89
Q

5000 rads and over

A

central nervous system syndrome

90
Q

What does ARS stand for?

A

Acute radiation syndrome

91
Q

What are the stages of ARS?

A
  1. Prodromal stage
  2. Latent stage
  3. Manifest stage
  4. healing or death
92
Q

What dose LD 50/60 mean?

A

Lethal does 50% of the time in 60 days

93
Q

What is a humans lethal dose?

A

LD 50/60 of 350 rads without medical intervention

LD 50/30 for us is 300 rads

94
Q

Are x-rays stored in matter and make it radioactive?

A

no

95
Q

What is the metal encasement around the tube?

A

Tube housing

96
Q

What are the parts of the tube complex?

A

Tube support
glass tube
cathode
anode

97
Q

the tube housing is lined with ________?

A

lead

98
Q

What does the lead do that lines the tube housing?

A

prevent leakage or radiation

protects the glass tube that is inside

99
Q

What surrounds the tube in the tube housing?

what does it replace?

A

oil

air

100
Q

what is the purpose of the oil in the tube housing?

A

dissipate heat (thermal insulator)

101
Q

What is the opening in the tube housing called?

A

window or port

102
Q

What are the parts of the tube support?

A

tube housing
tube arm
tube stand
tube track

103
Q

What holds te tube housing in position?

A

Tube arm

104
Q

What holds the tube arm and what is its purpose?

A

tube stand

allows the arm to move the tube vertically

105
Q

What allows the tube travel horizontally?

A

tube track

106
Q

What are the four ways that the tube track can be mounted?

A

floor mount
ceiling mount
floor-ceiling mount
C-arm (no track)

107
Q

What holds the arm and stand in position?

A

Automatic locks

108
Q

What contains the functional parts of the tube?

A

The glass tube

109
Q

the glass tube has a _______ glass area for the window (_________ to penetrate)

a. thinner; difficult
b. thinner; easier
c. thicker; difficult
d. thicker; easier

A

b

110
Q

what are the rays exiting the window called?

A

useful beam

111
Q

The centermost ray is called?

A

Central ray

112
Q

The central ray is __________ to the patient

a. perpendicular
b. parallel

A

a

113
Q

The other rays that angle away from the central ray are known the __________

A

diverging rays

114
Q

divergence of rays ____________ the more the central the beam

a. decrease
b. increase

A

a

115
Q

The negative electrode is known as?

A

cathode

116
Q

What is the electron producer?

A

cathode

117
Q

what are the three functions of the cathode?

A

produces electrons
focuses electrons
propels electrons

118
Q

What are the two parts of the cathode?

A

filament

focusing cup

119
Q

What is the filament of the cathode normally made of?

A

tungsten

120
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

withstand the heat

121
Q

What heats the filament of the cathode?

A

a current

122
Q

how is the current produced in the cathode?

A

by the filament or milliamperage circuit

123
Q

When heated electrons from the tungsten are boiled of it is called…

A

thermionic emission

124
Q

how is the amount of electrons controlled?

A

by the current

125
Q

What does the number of electrons formed control

A

the number of x-rays

126
Q

What is the cloud of electrons around the filament called?

A

a space charge

127
Q

most cathodes have 2 filaments, small and large, this is called?

the small produces

the larger produces

A

dual focus tube

clearer images

less clear image(handles more heat)

128
Q

what is the indentation that a filament sits in?

A

focusing cup

129
Q

What is the focusing cups function?

A

consolidates the electron cloud

130
Q

what propels electrons across the tube

A

an electrical current

131
Q

what propels electrons across the tube?

A

an electrical current

132
Q

What is the positive electrode?

A

anode

133
Q

what does the anode produce?

A

photons

134
Q

What are the 3 functions of the anode?

A

Stops electrons thus produces x-rays
dissipates heat
conducts electricity

135
Q

the anode stops electrons and thus produces x-rays, what percentage of x-rays make up these

What makes up the rest?

A

1%

99% heat

136
Q

What are the 3 parts of the anode?

some machines don’t contain what part

A

target,stem and rotor

rotor

137
Q

What is the anode made of?

A

tungsten

138
Q

X-rays are emitted from…

A

the focal spot

139
Q

What does a dual focus tube contain?

A

small focal spot and large focal spot

140
Q

What are the two types of focal spots

A

actual and effective focal spot

141
Q

which focal spot is where the electons strike?

A

actual focal spot

142
Q

What focal spot do photons exit?

A

effective focal spot

143
Q

What do large spot produce?

What does the small spot produce?

A

penumbra (unclear borders)

umbra (clear borders)

144
Q

What are the functions of the stem?

A

holds the target and conducts heat away from it

145
Q

what is the stem made out of?

A

copper

146
Q

What are the 2 types of anodes?

A

stationary anode and rotation anode

147
Q

What is the angle of the anode called?

What is the purpose of it?

A

anode angle

dissipate heat

148
Q

What anode is used for small exposures?

A

stationary anode

149
Q

Which anode has the greater angle?

a. stationary anode
b. rotating anode

Which is more effective at dissipating heat

A

a

b

150
Q

What is the sound that is heard before an exposure?

A

the rotor rotating the anode

151
Q

What is another name for the focal spot

A

focal track

152
Q

Which makes clearer images

a. larger angles
b. smaller angles

A

b

153
Q

What the line focus principle?

A

smaller angles produce clearer images than larger ones

154
Q

Which is up? the anode or the cathode for a full spine

A

the anode

155
Q

What is the interaction of an incoming electron with a target nucleus called

A

bremstrahlung radiation

156
Q

What happens when an electron course is changed

A

the electron loses energy

157
Q

the energy lost when an electron changes course is converted into?

A

an x-ray

make up the majrity (85%) of the x-ray beam

158
Q

What shell does the incoming electron hit?

A

The K shell

159
Q

What does filtration do?

A

reduces patient exposure

160
Q

What are the two type of tube filtration?

A

inherent and added

161
Q

Filtration __________ the beam intensity

A

attenuates

162
Q

What does filtration eliminate?

A

soft rays

163
Q

What do soft rays do?

A

increases the skin entrance and organ dose

164
Q

what is soft rays measured in?

A

measured in aluminum thickness, this allows hard rays to get through

165
Q

the amount of material needed to reduce the beam intensity by half

A

half value layer

166
Q

what is half value layer used for

A

filtration recommendation and regulations

167
Q

The enter of the beam is shown by horizontal and vertical lines, this is called_________________

A

cross hairs

168
Q

What are the three basic type of collimation?

What are positive beam limitations?

A

manual
semiautomatic
automatic

semiautomatic
automatic

169
Q

it the tube is too high or the film is too low where is the cut-off

A

the bottom

170
Q

if the tube is too low or the film is too high the cut off is where?

A

at the top

171
Q

What does filtration do?

A

improves the quality of the film

172
Q

Where are portal filters placed?

A

on the front of the beam limiting device

173
Q

what are portal filters normally made of?

A

aluminium, or copper

174
Q

what kind of filter would be used to taper off an image?

A

a wedge filter

175
Q

which filter exposes the patient to unneeded exposure?

A

underpart filter

176
Q

Machine come with what to prevent tube failure?

What is used to make calculations?

A

a tube rating and tube cooling charts

heat units

177
Q

how do you warm up your x-ray?

A

use 2 low exposure (low kV, short time and medium mA, double for second exposure)

178
Q

how many volts and amps are traditionally in a generator?

A

220 Volts and 100 Amps

179
Q

What changes incoming current?

A

transformers

180
Q

A high voltage transformer convert volt to ___________

A

kilovolts

181
Q

A high voltage transformer is also known as…

A

step up transformer or high voltage circuit

182
Q

a filament circuit converts amps to ___________

A

milliamps (mA)

183
Q

a filament circuit is also called a…

A

filament transformer
low voltage circuit
step down transformer

184
Q

What do rectifiers to?

A

change current from AC to DC

185
Q

why is alternating current not good for x-rays?

A

move current in both directions, a reverse in electrons would destroy the cathode

186
Q

rectifiers are aka

A

diodes

187
Q

which is more efficient?

a. half wave rectification
b. full wave rectification

A

b, sends two positive pulses

188
Q

how is the kV set

A

kilovolt peak

189
Q

The build up of kV to the peak and the return to 0 is known as what?

A

ripple

190
Q

what type of generator has 1 line source and a maximum ripple?

A

single phase generators

191
Q

What are the three types of generators?

A

single phase
3 phase
high frequency

192
Q

which type of generator has virtually no ripple?

A

high frequency generators

193
Q

What does a timer circuit do?

A

controls the length of exposure

194
Q

what kinds of timers on timer circuits are there?

A

synchronous, electronic, mAs and automatic exposure control

195
Q

which timer has photocells?

A

automatic exposure control

196
Q

What are the four primary factors controlling x-ray exposure?

A

Kilovoltage peak (kVp)
mlliamperage (mA)
length of time of exposure
distance of the tube from the receptor (film)

197
Q

increasing the kVp does what to the film?

A

darkens it

198
Q

increasing the mA does what to the film?

A

darkens the film

199
Q

increasing time of exposer does what to the film

A

darkens it

200
Q

the distance of thtube from the receptor (film) influences x-ray exposure, what are some other names that it is known by?

A

source-image distance and focal-film distance, occasionally target-film distance

201
Q

what does increasing the distance from the film do to the film?

A

lightens

202
Q

beam intensity ___________ with increased distance

A

decreases

203
Q

What are the two standard distances away from the x-ray?

A

40 and 72”

204
Q

mAs need at 72” is roughly how much more than at 40”?

A

3x

205
Q

What are some secondary factors that influence x-ray exposure?

A

field size

compensating filtration

206
Q

T/F patient dose limit exists but it should be as low as possible

A

true

207
Q

shields on the collimator are called?

A

shadow gonad shields

208
Q

shields on the patient are called

A

contact gonad shields

209
Q

full spine x-rays should be

a. P-A
b. A-P

A

P-A

210
Q

T/F The younger the person the higher the metabolic rate and the less radiosensitive the person is

A

false

211
Q

the ten day rule in regards to the safest time to x-ray females of childbearing years is obsolete

A

true

Rad Phys (2 decks)

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