exam 2 Flashcards by laura gibbons

fingers are on what in cranial vault hold

index- greater wings of sphenoid

pinkies- lateral angles of occiput

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physiologic strains

flexion/extension
torsions
SB, R

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Flexion

basiocciput and basisphenoid morve cephalad

occipital squama and wings of sphenoid move caudad

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flexion shadow hands

index fingers move inf and spread apart slightly

pinkys move inf and spread apart slightly

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extension

motion is rotational around 2 transverse axes
basiocciput and basisphenoid move caudad
occipital squama and wings of sphenoid move cephalad

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extension shadow hands

index fingers- move superiorly and approximate slighty

pinkys- move sup and approximate slightly

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torsion

sphenoid and occiput rotate in opposite directions around AP axis
named for sup greater wing

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right torsion

r index finger moves sup in comparison to left

left pinky moves sup in comparison to right

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SB/R

rotate around 2 axes
SB- opposite direction around ll vertical axis
R- in same direction A-P axis
named for convexity and inf motion

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R SBS SB/R

R index and pinky fingers move inf and spread slightly in comparison to the left

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non-physiologic strains

Lateral and vertical

SBS compression

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lateral strain/sheer

rotate in same direction
ll vertical axes
named by direction basisphenoid moves

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L lat sheer

both index fingers shift R

both pinkys shift

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vertical sheer

rotate in same direction
ll transverse axes
one both flexed, other extended
named by direction of basisphenoid

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sup vertical sheer

both index fingers shift inf (base moves sup)

both pinkies shift sup

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sup vertical strain trauma

caudal force applied centrally over ant/sup frontal bone

force to sup occiput and directed from sup/post to ant

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inf vertical strain trauma

caudal force applied to basisphenoid such as caudal force transmitted from bregma
a cephalad force transmitted to condylar parts such as a fall on base of spine
a caudal force transmitted over bilat post/sup parital boned or along post sagital suture

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SBS compression trauma

force directed along AP axis leading to longitudinal compression of SBS may originate at naison or at opisthion

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lat stain trauma

lat to medially directed force applied over greater wing sphenoid pushing it to the left or right
lat to medially directed force applied over occiput pushing the post aspect of occiput l or R

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external rotations of temporal bones

force applied to left mandible in a L -> R direction yields a R externally rotated temporal bone
and a L internally rotated temporal bone
traction of 1 side of mandible due to dental work yields internal rotation on ipsi side and external rotation on contra side

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Atlas
no body 
no spinous processes
lateral masses act like body and articulates w/occipital condyles
widest cervical vertebrae

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axis
strongest cervical vertebrae
odontoid process
bifid spinous process

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C3-6

typical vertebrae
sup aspect of body concave
inf aspect of body convex
sup facets- directed sup/post at 45 degrees
bifid spinous process

vertebrae prominens
most prominent spinous process, not bifid
smaller transverse foramen, does not transmit vertebral a

OA flexion

longus capitis rectus capitis ant fibers of SCM suprahyoid and infrahyoid

OA extension

``` rectus capitis post, major and minor oblique capitis superior splenius capitis longissimus capitis trap ```

OA lat flexion

``` SCM obliquus capitis sup rectus capitis lateralis longissimus capitis splenius capitis ```

levator scap

C1-4 to scapula

scalenes

C3-7 to 1st and 2nd rib

tenet 1

fluctuation of CSF and potency of its tides

tenet 2

mobility of intracranial and intraspinal membranes and fnx of reciprocal tension membrane

tenet 3

inherent motility of CNS

tenet 4

articular mobility of cranial bones

tenet 5

involuntary mobility of sacrum btwn ilia

characteristics of CRI

physical potency/energy that acts throughout the body as hydrodynamic mechanism electrical potential acting in pos and neg phases 10-14 cycles/min

attachments of falx cerebri

``` crista galli of ethmoid frontal bone - metropic sutures parietal bones- sagittal suture occiput tentorium cerebelli ```

tentrorium cerebelli

``` post clinoid processes of sphenoid petrosal ridges mastoid portion of temporals post/inf angles parietal transverse ridges of occiput ```

attachments of falx cerebelli

tentorium cerebelli | occiput to foramen magnum

inhalation

flexion of SBS, external rotation of paired bones

inhalation falx cerebri

ant

inhalation crista galli

post

inhalation tentorium cerebelli

shifts ant and flattens, not relaxed

inhalation venous sinuses

V -> ovoid | enhance venous return

exhalation

extension of SBS | internal rotation of paired bones

extension falx cerebri

post

extension crista galli

ant

extention tentorium cerebelli

post and rises

extension venous return

ovoid -> V | decreased venous drainage

cranial vault in utero

membrane

cranial base in utero

cartilage

of bones

``` skull- 29 cranium-8 face- 14 misc- 7 ossicles- 6 hyoid 100+ articulations ```

first ossification center

8-9 weeks in utero

bone at birth

``` central part (body and lesser wings) lateral part- greater wing and pterygoid process ```

synchondrosis

until 25 when sphenoid and occipital bones are completely fused and considered a symphysis

ossification of occiput

at birth 4 parts (basilar, 2 lat, squamous) begin to ossify 7th week fetal life lat parts fuse with basilar around 5

inhalation

lordotic curve decreases and sacral base rotates around transverse axis at S2 post