Exam 2

Question 0

U.S.S Atlantis (1931)

Answer 0

First research ship built specifically for ocean studies.

Question 1

Meteor Expedition (1925)

Answer 1

First use of an echo sounder

Question 2

HMS Challenger (1951)

Answer 2

Discovered the deepest part of the oceans deepest trenches.

Question 3

Glomar Challenger (1968)

Answer 3

First deep sea drilling vessel

Question 4

NOAA

Answer 4

• largest federal agency concerned with marine environment

- 2014 budget: $5.4 billion

Question 5

The Big Bang Theory

Answer 5

A tremendous burst or energy and matter about 13.7 billion years ago.

Question 6

What two pieces of evidence support Big Bang?

Answer 6

1. Nearly all galaxies are rushing away from each other.
   - the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away.
2. There is uniform background radiation throughout the universe that appears to be the left over heat from the Big Bang.

**the universe began long before Earth existed. **

Question 7

What is our galaxy called?

Answer 7

The Milky Way

Question 8

How galaxies are in the universe?

Answer 8

100 billion

Question 9

What is a galaxy?

Answer 9

Rotating clusters of stars, dust, gas, and debris held together by gravity.

Question 10

What is our neighboring galaxy?

Answer 10

Andromeda

Question 11

Solar systems form by what?

Answer 11

Accretion

Question 12

Where did the ingredients for Sun and planets come from?

Answer 12

• chemical reactions (deaths) of ancient stars = supernova

- energy, atoms released into space to form solar nebulae

Question 13

What is accretion?

Answer 13

The process of smaller particles in the spinning nebular cloud clumping together to form larger objects.

Question 14

How did earth form?

Answer 14

It formed as part of the accretion process during the condensation of the solar nebula.

Question 15

How did earth become density stratified?

Answer 15

• as heat built up, earth began to melt
• melting caused the heavy iron & nickel to sink to the center, forming the core.
• more heat was released
• lighter materials (silicon, magnesium, aluminum) moved toward the surface forming the early crust.
• ** 1st surface 4.6 bya

Question 16

How was the early atmosphere created?

Answer 16

Out gassing!

• no oxygen then
• methane, ammonia, and high amounts of carbon dioxide

Question 17

Where did our water come from?

Answer 17

• out gassing
• icy comets
• oceans in place 4 bya

Question 18

How long is a year? What is a solar year?

Answer 18

• 365 days

- time it takes for earth to complete one orbit around the sun

Question 19

Closest to sun in early January:

Answer 19

Perihelion

Question 20

Furthest from sun in early July:

Answer 20

Apihelion

Question 21

Why do we have seasons?

Answer 21

• the earths tilt. 23.5 degree tilt

Question 22

How long does it take the moon to orbit earth?

Answer 22

28 days. (1 month) lunar month

Question 23

Lunar day:

Answer 23

24 hrs, 50 minutes.

It’s longer because the moon orbits the earth in the same direction that the earth rotates on it’s own tilted axis.

Question 24

What are the 4 principle oceans?

Answer 24

- Pacific - Atlantic - Indian - Arctic Plus... - Southern or Antarctic Ocean

Question 25

What is a sea?

Answer 25

A division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

Question 26

What is a gulf?

Answer 26

An arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land - larger than a bay

Question 27

What is a strait?

Answer 27

A narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water

Question 28

What is a bay?

Answer 28

An indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf

Question 29

What is a sound?

Answer 29

A large sea or ocean inlet larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, wider than a fjord.

Question 30

What is a river?

Answer 30

A natural watercourse, usually FRESHWATER, flowing toward an ocean, lake, sea, or another river.

Question 31

What is a peninsula?

Answer 31

A geographical formation consisting of an extension of land from a larger body, surrounded by water on three sides.

Question 32

What is a cape?

Answer 32

A headland that dramatically affects ocean currents.

Question 33

The seafood can be divided into three distinct provinces:

Answer 33

1. Continental margins 2. Deep ocean basins 3. Mid-oceanic ridges

Question 34

What are continental margins?

Answer 34

Shelf + break + slope + rise - the submerged edges of the continents - covered by sediments eroded from the land.

Question 35

Continental shelves are?

Answer 35

The shallow submerged edge of the continent.

Question 36

Shelf breaks:

Answer 36

The abrupt transition from continental shelf to continental slope

Question 37

What are continental slopes?

Answer 37

The transition between the continental shelf and deep-ocean floor.

Question 38

What are continental rises?

Answer 38

Thick accumulations of sediment found at the base of the continental slope.

Question 39

Passive vs. Active continental margins:

Answer 39

Passive: - little or no seismic, volcanic activity - smooth transition from continental crust to oceanic crust - generally wide Active: - volcanic activity - little or no shelf - steep slope - trench, no rise

Question 40

What are submarine canyons?

Answer 40

Common features of continental shelves and slopes. - turbidity currents (underwater landslides or avalanches) flow down submarine canyons. - debris settles out, forms submarine fan at the base of the canyon.

Question 41

What is the deep ocean province?

Answer 41

It's between the continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

Question 42

What are abyssal plains?

Answer 42

Broad, flat area of sediment-covered ocean floor.

Question 43

What are abyssal hills?

Answer 43

Most are small, extinct volcanoes. | - less than 1000 meters in height.

Question 44

What are seamounts?

Answer 44

Volcanoes that rise up from the sea floor but DO NOT STICK UP ABOVE SEA LEVEL

Question 45

What are guyots?

Answer 45

Flat topped seamounts - once above the surface - eroded flat by wave action and then sank further down.

Question 46

What are oceanic trenches and how are they formed?

Answer 46

- deepest parts of the sea floor | - formed by subduction (one plate divides beneath another)

Question 47

What are volcanic island arcs?

Answer 47

- curve-shaped group of islands | - often associated with deep ocean trenches.

Question 48

Midoceanic ridge province:

Answer 48

- continuous submarine mountain range. - covers 1/3 of the ocean floor - extends 60,000 km around the Earth

Question 49

What is the lithosphere?

Answer 49

Zone where crust fused with upper mantle - strong, rigid - makes up tectonic plates - thicker in continental regions

Question 50

What is the asthenosphere?

Answer 50

Beneath the lithosphere. - weaker, deformable - partially melted, like hot asphalt

Question 51

What is the mesosphere?

Answer 51

Beneath asthenosphere. | - boundary of mantle and core

Question 52

What is the order from less deep to more deep of the mantle layers?

Answer 52

Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere

Question 53

What is waxing?

Answer 53

New moon to full moon

Question 54

What is waning?

Answer 54

Full moon to new moon

Question 55

What is the order of bodies of water from big to small?

Answer 55

Ocean - sea - gulf - bay

Question 56

What is the average depths of our oceans?

Answer 56

4,000 meters | 13,000 feet

Question 57

Passive (. ) margins.

Answer 57

Atlantic

Question 58

Active( ) margins

Answer 58

Pacific

Question 59

The layers of the earth (blank) in temperature, density, and pressure from inside to outside.

Answer 59

Decrease

Question 60

What are the two types of crust?

Answer 60

Continental crust: granitic rock | Oceanic crust: basaltic rock

Question 61

Which is more dense, oceanic or continental?

Answer 61

Oceanic crust. Basaltic rock.

Question 62

Name all the layers of the earth from outside to inside.

Answer 62

``` - Crust: Continental Oceanic - Mantle: Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere - Outer core - Inner core ```

Question 63

What are the earths layers based on?

Answer 63

Temperature and density