Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Define marine geology
The study of the Earth’s crust and composition.
Why is it important to study the ocean? (8 reasons)
- The ocean is vast.
- The ocean controls Earth’s climate.
- The ocean is diverse.
- The ocean is a valuable human resource.
- Marine organisms produce most of Earth’s O2.
- The ocean is vital to transportation.
- The ocean is a neighbor. More people than ever around the globe are living on or near the cost.
- The ocean offers employment. Many people directly or indirectly make a living from the ocean and it’s resources.
Define physical oceanography.
The study of waves and currents, climate prediction.
Define marine biology.
The study of nature and distribution of marine critters.
Define chemical oceanography.
The study of the gases and solids dissolved in the ocean.
Define marine engineering.
The design/construction of structures used in/on the ocean.
Define oceanography.
The recording and description of the characteristics of the ocean.
- this term I adequately describes modern scientific ocean investigations.
Define oceanology.
The scientific study of the sea by applying traditional sciences, such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, etc., to all aspects of the ocean.
Explain the difference between Oceanography and Oceanology.
Oceanography is descriptive
Vs.
Oceanology is quantitative
What are the 4 steps of the scientific method?
- Ask a QUESTION about something observed in nature.
- Form a working HYPOTHESIS to explain that observation.
- Conduct an EXPERIMENT, and/or make additional observations to test the hypothesis.
- Form THEORIES & LAWS.
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + ☀️–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Water sampling array
12 chambered bottle
Plankton Net
Collects floaters and drifters, microorganisms, bad swimmers.
IMPORTANT BECAUSE: - animal plankton are food
- oxygen
Midwater Trawl
For bigger fish(squid)
MOCNESS trawl net systems
Computer system nets
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Crittercam! ?
Advantages:
- you can go where they go in their natural environment
- you can see how they interact w/species
- migration
- feeding and mating patterns
- smaller cameras for smaller animals
Disadvantage:
- technology could negatively effect it.
What are tracking tags used for?
They are used to minutes LARGE SCALE MIGRATION.
*Great whites –> “Cafe” is halfway between SF and Hawaii, it’s where they eat.
What are some important facts about Mavericks? (4)
- Near Half Moon Bay
- It’s the “Mount Everest” of surfing and the ultimate surfing spot.
- Clark was the first person to surf it.
- It was unleashed in 1990.
What are waves caused by?
The interaction between air and water.
What does it take to get such big waves?
- Wind speed
- Duration
- Fetch - area of the ocean
What is a wave?
- Winds push water up (wind transports energy)
- Water particles move in circles
- Energy forces waves up when they reach shore
- Waves crash on shore
What is refraction?
When wave energy is focused into one spot.
What does SCUBA stand for?
Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Technology - Robots
What is ROV?
- Remote operated vehicle
- tethered to a “mothership”
- a way of being in marine environment w/o physically being there
- lots of cameras
- collect water samples
What is AUV?
- Autonomous underwater vehicle
- not tethered
- programmed to survey large areas.
- can be underwater for longer.
SUBS
Johnson Sea Link
- used for shallow water research
- hollow inside
- “reverse fish bowl”
- made out of plastic
- Depth limit: 1,000 meters
SUBS
What is Alvin?
- depth limit: 4,500 meters
- previously 3,000 meters
- made of titanium
- built by Navy to pick up lost warheads.
SUBS
What is the depth limit of Japanese Subs?
6,500 meters
Who is the main person behind Challenger Deep?
James Cameron
SUBS
What is the Aquarius?
- off Florida coast
- underwater lab mentioned in “Sweet Spot in Time”
- Divers can swim in & out of it
In Oceans in Glass, why were recording devices implanted into the sea otters’ abdomen?
- It tracks how often they are diving, how deep, and how long they are in the water.
- Otters population has been declining.
- the only way to capture them is through surprise attack to remove the data devices (Dr. Michael Murry)
Great white can detect (blank) in (blank) when near.
- electrical currents
- human heart
**Less than 50 people have been killed by Great whites in the last 100 years. **
Moon jellies grow fasted in water temperatures of (blank).
72 degrees
What is ephyrae?
It’s the young jellies that are stacked like pancakes. And they peel off when they are mature enough to leave the rest of them.
Tuna can swim up to (blank).
40 mph.
What is a respirometer?
Basically a tuna treadmill.
Tuna can go (blank) percent farther on a pound of food than scientists originally thought.
20%
When was the first recorded voyage?
3200 BC - probably the Nile.
What is the “Pillars of Hercules”?
Straight of Gibraltar
- it was broken by the Greek from 900-700 BC.
Aristotle is considered the first what?
- Marine biologist
- mapped tides and how they moved.
What began at the Library of Alexandria?
- Marine Science
Why is Eratosthenes important?
- calculated the circumference of the earth
- one of the 1st librarians at the Library of Alexandria
Why is the Polynesian a Triangle important?
- notable for their navigation
- inhabited 10,000 islands & 10,000,000 squared miles of ocean
- populated the area over a period of 4,500 years
- Hawaii was settled in 450 A.D
- Impetus for migration: Island living
What is important about the Viking “Exploration”?
- They had fast, strong & stable ships.
- established many colonies
- discovered N. America 986 A.D
Explain the Chinese Exploration.
- during the 1400s
- “Anti-Vikings”: they gave things away rather than stealing.
- gave things away to show off wealth & power.
What did the Chinese invent? (4)
- the central rudder
- water-tight compartments
- sails on multiple masts
- magnetic compass
Prince Henry the Navigator
- bad guy
- Portuguese royalty
- established an observatory:
Navigation, astronomy, map making - motivation: slave trade
- thought the compass was magical so it was used discretely
Ferdinand Magellan
- “circumnavigated the world”
- killed in the Philippines after 3 years.
- in search of western rights to orient
- only 7% of the crew survived due to Scurvy
Captain Morgan Cook
- MARKED THE BEGINNING OF SCIENTIFIC OCEANOGRAPHY.
- thought he discovered Hawaii.
- sampled marine life
- HMS Endeavor, Resolution, Adventure
- Angered Hawaiians cause they thought he was God.
- they killed him
Matthew Maury
- “Father of Oceanography”
- collected wind and current data
- figured out that it circulates clockwise
- wrote the first text book: “The Physical Geography of the Sea”
- his works SIGNIFICANTLY decreased sailing times.
Charles Darwin
- first person to realize that coral reefs grow and change
- spent 4.5 years aboard the Beagle
- Known for works on Galápagos Islands (west of S. Africa)
- observed finches (different beaks), iguanas, and tortoises
What does biological fitness mean?
Fit to REPRODUCE
H.M.S Challenger
- 1st expedition solely for scientific data
- proved Forbes’ theory of azoic zone wrong! >1800ft deep
- traveled 70,000 miles
- started an ocean science war
- wanted to prove Darwin wrong
- “Living Fossils”(sharks and alligators) proved his theory RIGHT.
In the early 1900s there was shift from…
Oceanography (descriptive)
TO
Oceanology (quantitative)
What did the Military contribute to Ocean science?
MONEY!
Nansen and the Fram
- Norwegian hero for ocean contributions
- ship was designed to get stuck in Arctic ice
- ship, when stuck for 4 years, drifted over 1000 miles
- this proved that tree was no arctic continent
