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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Name types of Amniotes

A

Synapsids (inc. mammals), Turtles, and Diapsids

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1
Q

What are some types of diapsids

A

Crocodiles, Dinosaurs, Birds, Lizards, Snakes

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2
Q

During the Devonian Period, how did the Tiktaalik evolve between 380-360 MYA?

A

1) Fins -> fin with wrist -> limb
2) transitioned from water to land
- Lobe-finned fish = fins, scales, primitive jaws
- Land-living animal = neck, wrists, flat head, expanded ribs

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3
Q

A long predatory fish with a bony operculum and has paired lobed fins. (two dorsal fins, caudal fin, anal fin, ribs are short and it is extended dorsally)

A

Eusthenopteron (osteolepiform fish)

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4
Q

Transition (by species) from fishes to tetrapods

A

Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega, Ichthyostega

Mnemonic -
“Eat Pussy Then Annihilate It”

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6
Q

A transition tetrapod from fish to animal that has paired fins but lacks dorsal and anal fins, has a bony operculum, a flattened head & body.
Choanae: internal nares (internal nostrils)
ribs larger and projected laterally/ventrally

A

Panderichthyes (elpistostegalian fish)

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7
Q

Are tetrapods categorized under Sarcopterygians?

A

yes

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8
Q

Early non-amniotic tetrapods, modern amphibians and amniotes are classified under what lineage…

A

tetrapods

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9
Q

When was the origin of major tetrapod lineages?

A

Devonian through carboniferous in the Paleozoic era

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10
Q

During the Devonian period we saw the Tiktaalik move from…

A

water to land (380-360MYA)

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11
Q 
Paired Fins with fin rays
flattened head & body
neck that allows head rotation
ribs expanded out & down (ventrally)
loss of bony operculum (still had gills)
A

Tiktaalik (Elpistostegalian fish)

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12
Q

The Ichthyostega was amphibious which meant that it was both…

A

terrestrial and aquatic

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13
Q

Changes in cranial sutures suggest that during the switch from fishes to tetrapods, these creatures switch from this type of aquatic feeding to this type of terrestrial feeding…

A

suction feeding to biting

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14
Q

During the transition from fishes to tetrapods, they experienced a ______ of fin rays to an evolution of ______.

A

loss; digits

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15
Q

True or False

Tetrapods were “trying to adapt” to life on land

A

False

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16
Q

Name some additional features of Tetrapods

A 
Muscular tongue w/ glands
Parathyroid gland (controls calcium)
Harderian gland (lubericates eyes)
Loss of gills
MOST IMPORTANLY
**stratum corneum**
-- layer of epidermis (dead skin cells to form barrier)
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17
Q

There are around 6400 species of amphibians that include…

A

Caecilians
Salamanders
Frogs (~85% of living species)

18
Q

Temnospondyli part of Batrachmorpha shares what features with Amphibia?

A

4 digits in forelimb

Bicuspid and pedicellate teeth

19
Q

True or False;

Reptilomorpha are all more-derived tetrapods

A

true

20
Q

Features of these species

1) Gymnophiona (caecilians)
2) Caudata (Urodela) {salamanders & newts}
3) Anura (Frogs & Toads)

A

1) legless
2) enlongated body
3) tail-less adults

21
Q

Features of modern amphibians

A
  • ** moist, permeable skin (allows of cutaneous respiration)
  • ** skin with mucous and granular glands (posion glands; produce toxins)
  • Columella & operculum (bones that transmit sound)
  • two sensory patches in ear (Papilla AMPhibiorum & BASilians
  • buccopharyngeal pump moves air in and out of lungs
  • 2 occiptal condyles & 2 cotyles on atlas
  • bicuspid pedicellate teeth
22
Q

Which amphibia fossil has reduced legs (extant species lacked legs), had reduced or lacked eyes b/c it was a burrowing or aquatic species, and had small tentacles between eyes and nostrils?
Caecilian, Salamander, frog

A

Caecilian

23
Q

What is the function of the columella and operculum?

A

they are bones that transmit sound

24
Q

what is the protrusible tentacle made out of in a Caecilian?

A

Muscles, glands and ducts

25
Q

the tentacle of the gymnophiona is sensory organ that supplements what?

A

olfaction (smell)

26
Q

How is fertilization conducted with caecilians?

A

interal fertilization

– insertion of phallodeum into female cloaca

27
Q

How is the phallodeum formed?

A

by cloacal wall and it can have calcified spines

28
Q

Oviparous (lay eggs) caecilians have what type of larvae?

A

aquatic

29
Q

Viviparous (live birth) fetus caecilians use their hook-like teeth to do what to the mother?

A

They feed off their mothers epithelium by laying along oviducts. this term of energy off mother is known as matrotrophy

30
Q

What is a Salamander spermatophores?

A

A packet of sperm on a gelatinous base

31
Q

In what ways can spermatophores be delivered to the eggs?

A

1) female can lay egg sac on top (external fertilization)
2) males may deposit, then insert into female cloaca with feet
3) females ‘sit’ to insert into cloaca

32
Q

Anuran Body Plan

describe 1) urostyle 2)ilium

A

1) fused posterior vertebrae
2) part of the pelvis that has been enlongated
- - both contribute to a rigid trunk

33
Q

Frogs have no teeth on lower jaw so instead of chewing up prey they…

A

swallow it whole

34
Q

Body forms of anurans vary by habitat and behavior.. tell me the type of habitat you would expect based on body form

1) shorter limbs
2) webbed feet
3) long limbs and specialized toes
4) pointed heads

A

1) terrestrial
2) swimmers
3) arboreal species (tree frogs)
4) burrowers

35
Q

If females anurans select males based on advertisement calls, then this is an example of…

A

sexual selection

36
Q

Fertilization in anurans is mostly external but what is the name of the mating position in which the male grasps the female?

A

ampLEXUS

37
Q

how does amplexus work?

A

the males have an extension of the cloaca that is used to introduce the sperm into the cloaca of the female

38
Q

What types of reproductive variation do anurans have?

A 
fully aquatic species
leaf-breeding
foam-nest breeding
terrestrial eggs & tadpoles
direct development 
viviparity
39
Q

what type of feeding strategies do tadpoles use?

A

filter-feeding herbivores (majority) or carnivorous (feed on frog eggs)

40
Q

What controls the metamorphosis from tadpoles to adult frogs?

A

thyroid hormones

Vertebrate Zoology (2 decks)

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