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Vertebrate Zoology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two areas where vertebrates are extremely important to humans?

A

biomedical research and domestication

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2
Q

what are the 5 traditional groupings of vertebrates?

A

birds, mammals, fishes, reptiles and amphibians

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3
Q

what is the Linnean Hierarchy?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, soup

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4
Q

Binomial Nomenclature only includes?

A

genus and species

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5
Q

what is the problem with the linnean hierarchy?

A

existing taxanomic groups include para- or polyphyletic groups (as opposed to monophyletic)

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6
Q

Who introduced cladistics?

A

Willi Hennig

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7
Q

What are synapomorphies?

A

Shared Derived Characterisitics [syn = shared, apomorpy = derived character]

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8
Q

What are symplesimorphies?

A

Shared Ancestral Characters

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9
Q

What are homogolous features?

A

characteristics of different species that were inherited via common ancestry

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10
Q

What is the Kingdom, Phylum and subphylum of Vertebrates?

A

Animalia, Chordata, and Vertebrata

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11
Q

Are all vertebrates chordates?

A

yes

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12
Q

are all chordates deuterostomes?

A

yes

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13
Q

What type of cleavage do deuterostomes have?

A

radial and indeterminate

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14
Q

During what period were the earliest chordate fossils found?

A

Cambrian Period around 500MYA

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15
Q

what was the cambrian explosion?

A

A period of intense animal diversification. First appearance of chordates

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16
Q

What are the 4 shared derived characters that Cephalochordata (lancelets), urichordata (tunicates) and vertebrate have?

A

Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, and endostyle

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17
Q

What are the two main key vertebrate derived features?

A

Cranium (to house sense organs) and vertebral elements (to protect the nerve cord)

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18
Q

Lampreys and Hagfish lack what?

A

jaws

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19
Q

what are chondrichthyes?

A

Cartilaginous fishes. they lack bone

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20
Q

What are actinopterygians?

A

ray-finned fishes (actino = ray)

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21
Q

What are sarcopterygians?

A

Lobed-finned fishes or fleshy-finned fishes

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22
Q

what are derived characters?

A

a character that has changed from it ancestral condition

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23
Q

what are shared derived characters?

A

derived characters shared by two or more taxa

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24
Q

What is a parsimonious phylogeny

A

the evolutionary relationship requiring the fewest number of changes from ancestral to derived character states

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25
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

A group of organisms that is related to but removed from the group under study

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26
Q

What is an ingroup?

A

the group of organisms being considered

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27
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

the appearance of similar characters in widely separated evolutionary lineages

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28
Q

what is parallel evolution?

A

appearance of similar characters in lineages that have separated recently

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29
Q

What is reversal?

A

return to an ancestral feature

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30
Q

what is homoplasy?

A

similarities that do not indicate common ancestry

31
Q

What are the four derived features of chordates?

A

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, and endostyle

32
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

The outer embryonic germ layer. usually the skin

33
Q

what is the endoderm?

A

the inner embryonic germ layer

34
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

The middle embryonic germ layer.

35
Q

In which does the mouth open first

Protostomes or Deuterostomes

A

protostomes

36
Q

What are gnathostomes?

A

Jawed vertebrates

37
Q

What are the two embryonic features that may account for many differences between vertebrates an other chordates?

A

Hox gene complex and the neural crest

38
Q

What is the role of hox genes?

A

genes that regulate the control of development

39
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

it is considered to be the 4th germ layer and is responsible for many structures in the head region (i.e.,

40
Q

What are osteichthyans?

A

Bony vertebrates

41
Q

What is the largest organ of the body and what is its function

A

skin;

42
Q

Skeleton elements of the skeletomuscular system

A

cartilage, bone, enamel, dentine, cementum

43
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Skull and vertebral column

44
Q

what is the visceral skeleton?

A

gill arches + cranial elements derived from neural crest

45
Q

what s the appendicular skeleton?

A

fins (or limbs) + pectoral and pelvic girdles

46
Q

which system is responsible for muscles involved in locomotion, feeding and eye movements?

A

skeletomuscular system

47
Q

The integrative system is made up for these two systems

A

nervous and endocrine system

48
Q

What are the three main parts to the brain?

A

fore-,mid-,hindbrain

49
Q

What are some of the special senses of the integrative system?

A

taste, touch, smell, vision, hearing

50
Q

What is the use of lateral lines in fishes?

A

to direct movement and vibrations

51
Q

what is the function of the endocrine glands?

A

to release regulatory hormones that act on target organs

52
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

to release nutrients of consumed foods

53
Q

what is the typical path of the digestive system?

A

mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anus

54
Q

The salivary, liver, gallbladder and pancreas are considered?

A

accessory glands

55
Q

What happens in the gills and/or lungs and/or skin in the respiratory system?

A

site of gas exchanges with blood

56
Q

what is the portal system of the circulatory system?

A

vein -> capillary bed -> vein

57
Q

What is the function os the excretory system?

A

to remove nitrogenous wastes and regulate water and salt balance (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg,K, bicarbinate & phosphate)

58
Q

Are mammals the only vertebrate with testes held on the outside of the body cavity?

A

yes

59
Q

“start as one sex and then change to the other” this is known as?
remember the clownfish

A

sequential hermaphroditism

60
Q

What is the major feature in vertebrate evolution?>

A

amniotic egg

60
Q

What is the major feature in vertebrate evolution?>

A

amniotic egg

61
Q

why are hagfish in the group craniata but no longer vertebrate?

A

because they lack true vertebral column

61
Q

why are hagfish in the group craniata but no longer vertebrate?

A

because they lack true vertebral column

62
Q

What is the function of the Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC)?

A

to ensure that research animals are treated humanely when they are vertebrates and inspects facilities to ensure that research animals have proper care

62
Q

What is the function of the Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC)?

A

to ensure that research animals are treated humanely when they are vertebrates and inspects facilities to ensure that research animals have proper care

63
Q

In what period did vertebrates originate?

A

Early Paleozoic (early cambrian)

63
Q

In what period did vertebrates originate?

A

Early Paleozoic (early cambrian)

64
Q

Hagfish

A

(scavengers) use olfaction to locate prey, skin lacks scales, gill slits, notochord and caudal fin ray are only skeletal elements, 3-chambered heart, 3 accessory hearts, and hemoglobin in red blood cells

64
Q

Hagfish

A

(scavengers) use olfaction to locate prey, skin lacks scales, gill slits, notochord and caudal fin ray are only skeletal elements, 3-chambered heart, 3 accessory hearts, and hemoglobin in red blood cells

65
Q

Lampreys

A

40 species in 10 genera, have vertebral elements known as acrualia, males and females nest near rocks, females lay 1000s of eggs; post mating seat. originally thought to be distinct species

65
Q

Lampreys

A

40 species in 10 genera, have vertebral elements known as acrualia, males and females nest near rocks, females lay 1000s of eggs; post mating seat. originally thought to be distinct species

66
Q

Ostracoderms

A

More derived than living jawless vertebrates, have dermal bone and olfactory tract connected to olfactory bulb in forebrain. some movable mouth plates

66
Q

Ostracoderms

A

More derived than living jawless vertebrates, have dermal bone and olfactory tract connected to olfactory bulb in forebrain. some movable mouth plates

Vertebrate Zoology (2 decks)

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