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Geos130 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

volcanoes, minerals, igneous rock

1
Q

Where are most of the world’s volcanoes located?

A

near plate tectonic boundaries

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2
Q

What is flux melting?

A

wet rocks are incorporated into the mantle at subduction zones

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3
Q

Which type of magma is least vicious?

A

basaltic

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4
Q

What do Plinian style eruptions consist of?

A

sustained ejections of ash and gas

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5
Q

Which type of lava has a jagged, blocky surface?

A

A’a Lava

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6
Q

What are minerals?

A

naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid having a definite chemical composition

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7
Q

What is a crystalline structure?

A

atoms arranged in a specific geometrical pattern

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8
Q

What are the types of volcanic forms?

A

basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic

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9
Q

What are the volcanic shapes and sizes?

A

shield, stratovolcano (sm, m, and l), large cinder cone

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10
Q

Example of a shield volcano?

A

Hawaii

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11
Q

Example of a stratovolcano (large)?

A

Shasta

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12
Q

Examples of a stratovolcano (medium)?

A

Fuji

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13
Q

Examples of a stratovolcano (small)?

A

Vesuvius

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14
Q

Example of a large cinder cone?

A

Sunset crater

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15
Q

What does a Hawaiian style eruption look like?

A

fluid, ‘glowing-red’ lava; lava lakes form in crater

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16
Q

What does Strombolian style eruption look like?

A

fire fountaining, forms cinder cones

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17
Q

What does Vulcanian style eruptions look like?

A

‘cannon’ explosions with ballistic trajectories of ash and rock fragments, ash plume usually very dark gray to black

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18
Q

What does Pelean style eruptions look like?

A

pyroclastic flow generated from the collapse of a ‘spine’

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19
Q

What type of lava is in a stratovolcano?

A

outside -andesitic

inside -rhyolitic

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20
Q

What can a stratovolcano produce?

A

vulcanian, plinian, and pelean (pyroclastic flow)

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21
Q

What are the causes of a stratovolcano?

A
  • sector collapse of a plinian column

- collapse of spine/dome

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22
Q

How do you identify minerals?

A
  • color
  • streak
  • luster-hardness
  • cleavage
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23
Q

What is Moh’s hardness scale?

A

1) talc
2) gypsum
3) calcite
4) fluorite
5) apatite
6) orthoclase
7) quartz
8) topaz
9) corundum
10) diamond

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24
Q

How to identify minerals by color?

A

some are one color, some are many colors

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25
Q

How to identify minerals by streak?

A

color of mineral in powdered form

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26
Q

How to identify minerals by luster?

A

the way a mineral reflects light

27
Q

What are the two types of luster?

A

metallic and nonmetallic

28
Q

How to identify minerals by hardness?

A

Moh’s hardness scale

29
Q

How to identify minerals by cleavage?

A

tendency to break along planes of weakness

30
Q

What is a fracture?

A

minerals without cleavages

31
Q

What is a conchoidal fracture?

A

mineral that caves in, ribs along the surface

32
Q

What mineral has two directions of cleavage at about 90 degrees with a striking pink salmon pink color?

A

Potassium feldspar

33
Q

Minerals with one cleavage will break into what?

A

flat sheet-like pieces

34
Q

Where can magma form?

A

intrusive or extrusive

35
Q

What is intrusive magma formation?

A

magma cooling under the surface; lose heat slowly

36
Q

What is extrusive magma formation?

A

magma that exits the earth; cools rapidly

37
Q

How is rock formed?

A

by crystallization of molten magma

38
Q

Why does magma rise?

A

hot rock is less dense and moves to the top

39
Q

What are the characteristics of intrusive magma?

A

cools at depth; invades colder country rock; inflation of fractures pushes rock aside

40
Q

What is stoping?

A

when rocks fall into magma as it rises; blocks country rock, falls off and are incorporated into magma

41
Q

What is a batholith?

A

enormous magma chamber

42
Q

How are dikes created?

A

magma that goes into fractures

43
Q

What are the three types of dikes?

A

ring, radial, and sheet

44
Q

What is a dike?

A

tabular intrusion that cuts discordantly

45
Q

What is discordant?

A

cut across layers

46
Q

What is a laccolith?

A

large mushroom shaped pond (more viscious)

47
Q

What is a lopolith?

A

large scoop shaped pond (less viscious)

48
Q

What is a sill?

A

tabular intrusive body that intrudes parallel to layering of preexisting rock; concordant

49
Q

What is concordant?

A

magma that squeezes between layers

50
Q

What is a pluton?

A

large, deep igneous body that results from emplacement and crystallization of magma beneath the surface

51
Q

How can igneous rocks be classified?

A
  • texture

- composition

52
Q

What is texture (igneous rocks)?

A

crystal size and nature of interlocking crystals

53
Q

What is composition (igneous rocks)?

A

types of minerals in the rocks

54
Q

Intrusive rocks have what texture?

A

phaneritic

55
Q

What is phaneritic?

A

crystals large enough to see with eye

56
Q

Extrusive rocks have what texture?

A

aphanitic

57
Q

What is aphanitic?

A

crystals too small to be seen with naked eye

58
Q

What is quenched magma?

A

magma that cools instantly with glass-like appearance

59
Q

What is porphyritic texture?

A

igneous rock with two distinct crystal sizes

60
Q

What is pegmatitic texture?

A

extremely large crystals

61
Q

What are the textures of igneous rocks?

A
  • glassy
  • vesicular
  • scoria
  • pyroclastic
62
Q

What are the components of intrusive igneous rock composition?

A

(felsic) Granite
(inter. ) Diorite
(mafic) Gabbro

63
Q

What are the three areas igneous rock can fall in?

A
  • felsic
  • intermediate
  • mafic
64
Q

What are the components of extrusive igneous rock composition?

A

(felsic) rhyolite
(inter. ) andesite
(mafic) basalt

Geos130 (3 decks)

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