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Geos130 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

Chapters 2, 4, 15, 14 ** means Exam quest. from lecture

1
Q

What is geology?

A

The study of the planet

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2
Q

Who constructed the human and earth chronology?

A

Archbishop Usher

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3
Q

What is catastrophism?

A

belief that earth’s landscapes formed from great catastrophes

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4
Q

Who was the father of modern geology?

A

James Hutton

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5
Q

What is uniformitarianism?

A

belief that the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today also operated in the geological past

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of planets?

A

terrestrial and jovian

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7
Q

What is a terrestrial planet?

A

earth-like, small, dense, rocky

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8
Q

What is a jovian planet?

A

jupiter-like, large, low density, gas giants

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9
Q

What is magnetic north?

A

direction of the polarity of earth

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10
Q

What is true north?

A

the axis on which the earth sits

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11
Q

What is a contour interval?**

A

difference in elevation between 2 consecutive contour lines on the same slope

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12
Q

What are index contours?

A

slightly bolder lines; every 5th has number on it

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13
Q

What does a dashed line on a topographic map indicate?

A

streams only after heavy rains

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of contour lines?

A

1) every point has same elevation**
2) the close on themselves (circle)
3) encircle a hilltop
4) slope rises/descends at right angles to any contour line
5) contours always bend up-valley when they cross a stream

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15
Q

What is latitude?

A

equator, horizontal, 0-90 N/S

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16
Q

What is longitude?

A

prime meridian, vertical, 0-180 E/W

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17
Q

What do the latitude and longitude degrees further divide into?

A

60 minutes and 60 seconds

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18
Q

What is magnetic declination?

A

angle between true and magnetic north

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19
Q

What is total relief on a map?

A

difference between the highest and lowest points on a map

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20
Q

What are faults?

A

fracture in rock along which displacement has occurred

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21
Q

What is the focus?

A

spot w/in earth where earthquakes originated

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22
Q

What is the epicenter?**

A

location on land surface above the focus

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23
Q

What is elastic rebound?

A
  • rock along fault wants to slip
  • stress builds up
  • rock finally ruptures
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24
Q

What are the types of waves?

A

body and surface waves

25
Q

What are body waves?

A

primary and secondary

26
Q

Which waves have a push-pull motion and are the fastest?

A

primary

27
Q

Which waves have a shaking motion and travel only through solids?

A

secondary

28
Q

What are surface waves?

A

love and rayleigh

29
Q

Which waves move like a snake?

A

love

30
Q

Which waves move like ripples and are the slowest?

A

rayleigh

31
Q

What is seismology?

A

study of EQ waves that reveals their size and location

32
Q

What is a seismograph?

A

device used to record waves

33
Q

What is a seismogram?

A

record of an EQ

34
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

when EQs happen, ground that is soft and clay-like “liquifies” and buildings sink into ground

35
Q

What are the largest recorded EQs

A 
1960 Chile (9.5)
1964 Alaska (9.2)
2004 Sumatra (9.1)
2011 Japan (9.0)
36
Q

What part of the earth has two types, thin and thick? (name types too)

A

crust: oceanic and continental

37
Q

What is the earth’s core made of?

A

inner: solid iron and nickel
outer: liquid iron and nickel

38
Q

What are the two most abundant elements in the earth’s crust?

A

oxygen and silicon

39
Q

The lithospheric plate is composed of what?

A

the crust and upper mantle

40
Q

What are the upper and lower mantle known as?

A

lithospheric and asthenoshperic plates

41
Q

What was Alfred Wegener’s proposal?

A

that the continents drifted apart from each other (Pangea)

42
Q

Who made the first computer designed map of pangea?

A

Sir Edward Bullard

43
Q

What renewed the theory of continental drift?

A

paleomagnetism

44
Q

When the ocean floor was explored what was found?

A

mountain ranges and submarine volcanoes

45
Q

What do modern views of the ocean floor reveal?

A

mid-ocean ridge, trenches, fracture zones

46
Q

What are trenches?

A

deep, elongated trough bordering a volcanic arc

47
Q

What is found at the mid-ocean ridge?

A

submarine mt. belts and volcanoes at axis

48
Q

What are fracture zones?

A

narrow band of vertical fractures that lie at right angles to the mid-ocean ridge

49
Q

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

A

divergent, convergent, transform

50
Q

What plate boundaries pull apart?

A

divergent

51
Q

What plate boundaries push together?**

A

convergent

52
Q

What plate boundaries slip and slide against each other?

A

transform

53
Q

What are the three types of convergent plates?

A
  • oceanic v oceanic
  • oceanic v continental
  • continental v continental
54
Q

What happens in oceanic v oceanic?

A

the older, colder, more dense plate subducts back into lithosphere

55
Q

What happens in oceanic v continental?

A

oceanic always subducts down

56
Q

What happens in continental v continental?

A

push together and up to create mountains

57
Q

What is tectonism?

A

large-scale movements and deformation of Earth’s crust

58
Q

What are hot spots?

A

stationary volcanic plumes located intraplate

Geos130 (3 decks)

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