Exam 2 Flashcards
all cells of the immune system originate from ___________
Bone marrow
•Composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from ________, ______, _____ and __________ infections and from growth of ______ cells.
bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic ,tumor
produces mature T cells; immature T cells leave the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus to mature.
Thymus Gland
an immunological filter of blood. It captures foreign material (antigens) in blood that passes through and activates the B cells for antibody production
Spleen
similar to the spleen except it filters the bodily fluid lymph
•Lymph Nodes
heightens immune response by activating other white blood cells to fight off infection (helper and killer type)
T-Cells (T lymphocytes)
produce antibodies in response to foreign proteins of bacteria, viruses, tumor cells
•B-Cells (B lymphocytes)
produced from B cells, are specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to one particular protein
Antibodies
foreign substance that stimulates the immune response – antibody production
Antigen
a group of white blood cells that engulf and degrade foreign bodies with powerful enzymes
(Ex. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
•Granulocytes or Polymorphonuclear (PMN) Leucocytes
antibody production, begins with the recognition of antigen (T helper cells and B cells)
•Humoral immunity
involves various immune cells whose function is phagocytosis
•Cell Mediated Immunity
- Present from birth
- Non specific
- Does not become more efficient on subsequent exposure to same organism
- Includes cellular immunity
•Innate (Natural) Immunity:
prevents the entry of mico-organisms
Skin, mucous membranes
Antibacterial secretions- saliva, stomach
Prevention of stasis (removal from body)
Urination, defecation (diarrhea), cilia, nasal hairs, coughing, vomiting
•Innate Immunity
cells that ingest and kill micro-organisms
Phagocytes
acquired when newborn ingest colostrum soon after birth. Colostrum contains antibodies produced from dam (mother)
•Passive (transfer) immunity
Developed from vaccinations and prior exposure what’s affected by particular microorganism an individual will never again developing infection from the same microorganism but can be infected with another
Active(specific immunity)
What are the 2 types of acquired immunity
Active( specific immunity) &
Passive( transfer immunity)
What causes Vaccination Failure
- Age
- Biological Variation/ Immunodeficiency
- Nutrition
- Concurrent Disease
- Antibody Interference
- Stress
What are the 2 Extrinsic Causes
•Living Agents &
Non-living agents
Examples living agents
micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc.)
Examples of Non-living agents
trauma, temperature (extreme heat/cold), poisons, food deficiencies
Examples of the portal of entry through Skin
- Skin:
- Bites, scratches, traumatic wounds.
- Normal Flora: disrupted to cause disease.
• Examples of the portal on entry for Mucous Membranes
- Respiratory Tract: dust, exhaust, moisture droplets, trauma
- Genitourinary (urogenital) Tract: coitus, A.I., trauma
- Eyes: dust, trauma, flies.
- Intestinal Tract: eating, licking, trauma
What are the 2 types of first line of defenses in skin
- Mechanical
* Biological
In the Skin’s first line of defense a Mechanical example is
•Skin must be broken from bite, wound, etc.
In the skin’s first line of defense biological examples are
- Normal Flora (prevents colonization of bacteria
- Sebaceous Glands
- Acid pH
most infections begin on _____________surfaces.
mucosal
Examples of mucous membranes are
•Present in eyes, alimentary tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract.
Examples of mechanical protection in mucous membranes
cilia, urination, defecation, nasal hairs, coughing, sneezing
Examples of chemical protection in mucous membranes
stomach acids and enzymes, saliva, bile
Functions of inflammation
to neutralize injurious agents and their effects (bacteria, viruses, toxins, trauma, chemicals)
•Responses of inflammation
- Increased blood flow to area of injury
- Accumulation of inflammatory cells (phagocytes)
- pH change
- Fibrin production
•Some organisms are sensitive to ____________ temperatures
Elevated
Elevated Temperature is
• A Sign that body is responding to infesction
Elevated temperature causes
decrease in toxin release
•Bodys resistance is enhanced by _________ ___________
elevated temperatures
•Consist of cells and various organs that are responsible for the immune system
•Immune System
•A condition that results from any structural defect or functional impairment of the animal body.
Disease
•Most diseases are manifested by signs of disturbances called ____________
Symptoms
Diseases. are classified into two major categories _____________ and ______________.
Infectious, non-infectious
____________occur all over the world.
Diseases
occur most often in certain states, countries or continents.
Endemic
•Factors of worldwide occurrence
(population shift, rapid transport, etc).
•Climatic Seasons
winter, spring, summer, fall, rainy
•Physiological Seasons
breeding, birthing, milking
A season classified all by itself ( Dr. Johnson hates these creatures )
Fly Season
Causes of Intrinsic (internal) diseases
- Genus, Species
- Breed
- Genetic
- Age
- Sex
- Endocrine
- Neoplasms
Causes of Extrinsic (external) diseases
- Living Agents: micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa)
- Non-living Agents: trauma, temperature, poisons, food deficiencies
When living agents enter an animal body and set up a disturbance of function in any part, _________ is said to have occurred.
Infection
•Is one caused by the presence of a foreign living organism, which creates a disturbance leading to the development of symptoms.
Infectious disease
A __________ _________is one that may be transmitted from one individual to another by direct or in direct contact (fomites, vectors)
contagious disease
•All contagious diseases are infectious, but not all infectious diseases are contagious. ( True or False)
True
•Common ways infections are contracted by new host
•Direct or immediate contact with a diseased individual (licking, sexual)
Contact through fomites
•Contact with disease carriers (not showing symptoms
•Infection from soil
•Infection from food & water
•Airborne infections (respiratory droplets)
•Bloodsucking arthropods( vectors)
•Organisms naturally carried
•First true chemotherapeutic agent
●Sulfonamides
What was the first antibiotic discovered
Penicillin
Most antibiotics are derived from
Fungi
An ideal chemotherupertic has
●Should have broad spectrum activity •eg. gram negative, gram positive ●No reactions in host hypersensitivity •Allergic reaction Kill bacteria ●Should not develop drug resistance ●Maximum distribution to all body tissue and fluids ●No renal injury ●Easily manufactured / minimum cost
● Describe Oral routes of administration
- Enteric infections
- Most wasteful use of antimicrobial drugs for systemic infections
- Can maintain plasma levels following IV administration
What are Parenteral routes
Of administration
- Intramuscular (IM) rapidly absorbed for systemic medication
- Intravenously (IV) rapid achievement of maximum blood plasma levels
- Topical
- Intrauterine
- Intramammary will diffuse into circulation
•Adequate _________ is necessary to obtain and maintain adequate blood plasma levels
Dosage
•Most rapid blood level achieved through _____ administration
IV
●Vehicle (\_\_\_\_\_\_ agent) •Sodium, Potassium (\_\_\_\_\_\_ absorbed) •Sustained release boluses •Aqueous (\_\_\_\_\_ release) •Oil (\_\_\_\_\_ release)
Carrier
Rapidly
Rapid
Slow
What are the 4 excretions
Urine
Feces
Sweat
Milk
What Chemotherapeutics are bactericidal
- Penicillin
- Streptomycin
- Gentamicin
- Neomycin
- Bacitracin
Which Chemotherapeutics are Bacteriostatic (slow down)
- Tetracycline
- Erythromycin
- Tylosin
- Sulfonamides
- Lincomycin
Penicillin
Gram +, cell wall synthesis
•Tetracyclines
Broad spectrum, protein synthesis
•Neomycin
Broad spectrum, protein synthesis
•Polymyxin B
Gram -, cell membrane
