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Disease & Sanitation Animal Sci > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

all cells of the immune system originate from ___________

A

Bone marrow

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1
Q

•Composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from ________, ______, _____ and __________ infections and from growth of ______ cells.

A

bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic ,tumor

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2
Q

produces mature T cells; immature T cells leave the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus to mature.

A

Thymus Gland

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3
Q

an immunological filter of blood. It captures foreign material (antigens) in blood that passes through and activates the B cells for antibody production

A

Spleen

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4
Q

similar to the spleen except it filters the bodily fluid lymph

A

•Lymph Nodes

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5
Q

heightens immune response by activating other white blood cells to fight off infection (helper and killer type)

A

T-Cells (T lymphocytes)

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6
Q

produce antibodies in response to foreign proteins of bacteria, viruses, tumor cells

A

•B-Cells (B lymphocytes)

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7
Q

produced from B cells, are specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to one particular protein

A

Antibodies

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8
Q

foreign substance that stimulates the immune response – antibody production

A

Antigen

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9
Q

a group of white blood cells that engulf and degrade foreign bodies with powerful enzymes
(Ex. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)

A

•Granulocytes or Polymorphonuclear (PMN) Leucocytes

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10
Q

antibody production, begins with the recognition of antigen (T helper cells and B cells)

A

•Humoral immunity

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11
Q

involves various immune cells whose function is phagocytosis

A

•Cell Mediated Immunity

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12
Q
  • Present from birth
  • Non specific
  • Does not become more efficient on subsequent exposure to same organism
  • Includes cellular immunity
A

•Innate (Natural) Immunity:

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13
Q

prevents the entry of mico-organisms
Skin, mucous membranes
Antibacterial secretions- saliva, stomach
Prevention of stasis (removal from body)
Urination, defecation (diarrhea), cilia, nasal hairs, coughing, vomiting

A

•Innate Immunity

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14
Q

cells that ingest and kill micro-organisms

A

Phagocytes

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15
Q

acquired when newborn ingest colostrum soon after birth. Colostrum contains antibodies produced from dam (mother)

A

•Passive (transfer) immunity

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16
Q

Developed from vaccinations and prior exposure what’s affected by particular microorganism an individual will never again developing infection from the same microorganism but can be infected with another

A

Active(specific immunity)

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of acquired immunity

A

Active( specific immunity) &

Passive( transfer immunity)

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18
Q

What causes Vaccination Failure

A
  • Age
  • Biological Variation/ Immunodeficiency
  • Nutrition
  • Concurrent Disease
  • Antibody Interference
  • Stress
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19
Q

What are the 2 Extrinsic Causes

A

•Living Agents &

Non-living agents

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20
Q

Examples living agents

A

micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc.)

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21
Q

Examples of Non-living agents

A

trauma, temperature (extreme heat/cold), poisons, food deficiencies

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22
Q

Examples of the portal of entry through Skin

A
  • Skin:
  • Bites, scratches, traumatic wounds.
  • Normal Flora: disrupted to cause disease.
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23
Q

• Examples of the portal on entry for Mucous Membranes

A
  • Respiratory Tract: dust, exhaust, moisture droplets, trauma
  • Genitourinary (urogenital) Tract: coitus, A.I., trauma
  • Eyes: dust, trauma, flies.
  • Intestinal Tract: eating, licking, trauma
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24
Q

What are the 2 types of first line of defenses in skin

A
  • Mechanical

* Biological

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25
Q

In the Skin’s first line of defense a Mechanical example is

A

•Skin must be broken from bite, wound, etc.

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26
Q

In the skin’s first line of defense biological examples are

A
  • Normal Flora (prevents colonization of bacteria
  • Sebaceous Glands
  • Acid pH
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27
Q

most infections begin on _____________surfaces.

A

mucosal

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28
Q

Examples of mucous membranes are

A

•Present in eyes, alimentary tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract.

29
Q

Examples of mechanical protection in mucous membranes

A

cilia, urination, defecation, nasal hairs, coughing, sneezing

30
Q

Examples of chemical protection in mucous membranes

A

stomach acids and enzymes, saliva, bile

31
Q

Functions of inflammation

A

to neutralize injurious agents and their effects (bacteria, viruses, toxins, trauma, chemicals)

32
Q

•Responses of inflammation

A
  • Increased blood flow to area of injury
  • Accumulation of inflammatory cells (phagocytes)
  • pH change
  • Fibrin production
33
Q

•Some organisms are sensitive to ____________ temperatures

A

Elevated

34
Q

Elevated Temperature is

A

• A Sign that body is responding to infesction

35
Q

Elevated temperature causes

A

decrease in toxin release

36
Q

•Bodys resistance is enhanced by _________ ___________

A

elevated temperatures

37
Q

•Consist of cells and various organs that are responsible for the immune system

A

•Immune System

38
Q

•A condition that results from any structural defect or functional impairment of the animal body.

A

Disease

39
Q

•Most diseases are manifested by signs of disturbances called ____________

A

Symptoms

40
Q

Diseases. are classified into two major categories _____________ and ______________.

A

Infectious, non-infectious

41
Q

____________occur all over the world.

A

Diseases

42
Q

occur most often in certain states, countries or continents.

A

Endemic

43
Q

•Factors of worldwide occurrence

A

(population shift, rapid transport, etc).

44
Q

•Climatic Seasons

A

winter, spring, summer, fall, rainy

45
Q

•Physiological Seasons

A

breeding, birthing, milking

46
Q

A season classified all by itself ( Dr. Johnson hates these creatures )

A

Fly Season

47
Q

Causes of Intrinsic (internal) diseases

A
  • Genus, Species
  • Breed
  • Genetic
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Endocrine
  • Neoplasms
48
Q

Causes of Extrinsic (external) diseases

A
  • Living Agents: micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa)
  • Non-living Agents: trauma, temperature, poisons, food deficiencies
49
Q

When living agents enter an animal body and set up a disturbance of function in any part, _________ is said to have occurred.

A

Infection

50
Q

•Is one caused by the presence of a foreign living organism, which creates a disturbance leading to the development of symptoms.

A

Infectious disease

51
Q

A __________ _________is one that may be transmitted from one individual to another by direct or in direct contact (fomites, vectors)

A

contagious disease

52
Q

•All contagious diseases are infectious, but not all infectious diseases are contagious. ( True or False)

A

True

53
Q

•Common ways infections are contracted by new host

A

•Direct or immediate contact with a diseased individual (licking, sexual)
Contact through fomites
•Contact with disease carriers (not showing symptoms
•Infection from soil
•Infection from food & water
•Airborne infections (respiratory droplets)
•Bloodsucking arthropods( vectors)
•Organisms naturally carried

54
Q

•First true chemotherapeutic agent

A

●Sulfonamides

55
Q

What was the first antibiotic discovered

A

Penicillin

56
Q

Most antibiotics are derived from

A

Fungi

57
Q

An ideal chemotherupertic has

A 
●Should have broad spectrum activity
•eg. gram negative, gram positive
●No reactions in host hypersensitivity
•Allergic reaction
Kill bacteria
●Should not develop drug resistance
●Maximum distribution to all body tissue and fluids
●No renal injury
●Easily manufactured / minimum cost
58
Q

● Describe Oral routes of administration

A
  • Enteric infections
  • Most wasteful use of antimicrobial drugs for systemic infections
  • Can maintain plasma levels following IV administration
59
Q

What are Parenteral routes

Of administration

A
  • Intramuscular (IM) rapidly absorbed for systemic medication
  • Intravenously (IV) rapid achievement of maximum blood plasma levels
  • Topical
  • Intrauterine
  • Intramammary will diffuse into circulation
60
Q

•Adequate _________ is necessary to obtain and maintain adequate blood plasma levels

A

Dosage

61
Q

•Most rapid blood level achieved through _____ administration

A

IV

62
Q 
●Vehicle (\_\_\_\_\_\_ agent)
•Sodium, Potassium (\_\_\_\_\_\_ absorbed)
•Sustained release boluses
•Aqueous (\_\_\_\_\_ release)
•Oil (\_\_\_\_\_ release)
A

Carrier
Rapidly
Rapid
Slow

63
Q

What are the 4 excretions

A

Urine
Feces
Sweat
Milk

64
Q

What Chemotherapeutics are bactericidal

A
  • Penicillin
  • Streptomycin
  • Gentamicin
  • Neomycin
  • Bacitracin
65
Q

Which Chemotherapeutics are Bacteriostatic (slow down)

A
  • Tetracycline
  • Erythromycin
  • Tylosin
  • Sulfonamides
  • Lincomycin
66
Q

Penicillin

A

Gram +, cell wall synthesis

67
Q

•Tetracyclines

A

Broad spectrum, protein synthesis

68
Q

•Neomycin

A

Broad spectrum, protein synthesis

69
Q

•Polymyxin B

A

Gram -, cell membrane

Disease & Sanitation Animal Sci (2 decks)

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