Exam 2

Question 1

The collection of traits and attributes that individuals use to describe or characterize themselves.

Answer 1

Self-conception

Question 2

The degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about themselves. Evaluative component.

Answer 2

Self-esteem

Question 3

The extent to which individuals feel secure about who they are and who they are becoming.

Answer 3

Sense of identity

Question 4

Behavior that intentionally presents a false impression to others.

Answer 4

False-self behavior

Question 5

The degree to which and individual is preoccupied with his or her self-image.

Answer 5

Self-consciousness

Question 6

The degree to which an individual feels that his or her self-image changes from day to day.

Answer 6

Self-image stability

Question 7

According to Erickson, the normative crisis characteristic of the fifth stage of pyschosoical development, predominant during adolescence.

Answer 7

Identity versus identity diffusion

Question 8

A period during which individuals are fee from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities.

Answer 8

Psychosocial moratorium

Question 9

The aspect of individuals’ sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group members.
Self identification, sense of belonging, sense of shared values and attitudes, attitudes toward one’s group ( + or -), ethnic involvement.

Answer 9

Ethnic Identity (EI)

Question 10

The sense that one has an impact on one’s own world.

Answer 10

Agency

Question 11

The process through which individuals develop an understanding of their racial or ethnic background.

Answer 11

Racial socialization

Question 12

The combination of both highly masculine and highly feminine traits.

Answer 12

Androgyny

Question 13

The establishment of more adultlike and less childish close relationships with family members and peers.

Answer 13

Emotional autonomy

Question 14

The capacity to make independent decisions and to follow through with them.

Answer 14

Behavioral autonomy

Question 15

The establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs.

Answer 15

Cognitive autonomy

Question 16

In psychoanalytic theory, the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures.

Answer 16

Detachment

Question 17

The progressive sharpening of an individual’s sense of being an autonomous, independent person.

Answer 17

Individuation

Question 18

Parenting that attempts to control the adolescent’s emotions and opinions.

Answer 18

Psychological control

Question 19

According to Kohlberg, the first level of moral reasoning, which is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments associated with different courses of action.

Answer 19

Preconventional moral reasoning

Question 20

According to Kohlberg, the second level of moral development, which occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society.

Answer 20

Conventional moral reasoning

Question 21

In Kohlberg’s theory, the stage of moral development during which society’s rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative.

Answer 21

Postconventional moral reasoning

Question 22

Rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one’s own bad acts.

Answer 22

Moral disengagement

Question 23

Self Concept: Usually positive and concrete

Answer 23

Self-Concept: Categorical (4-7yrs)

Question 24

Self Concept: Define ourselves in relation to others

Answer 24

Self-Concept: Comparative (8-11yrs)

Question 25

Still a comparative self-concept, but it takes on another layer, multidimensional.

Answer 25

Self-Concept: Interpersonal Implications (12-15yrs)

Question 26

The level of positive or negative feelings about the self that is fairly stable over time. The average level drops in the transition to adolescence.

Answer 26

Baseline Self-esteem

Question 27

Temporary changes in the positive or negative feelings about the self that occur in response to particular incidents. Swings wider and more frequently in adolescence.

Answer 27

Barometric Self-esteem

Question 28

``` Scholastic Competence Athletic Competence *2 Social Acceptance *1 Physical Appearance Behavioral Conduct Close Friendship Romantic Appeal Job Competence ```

Answer 28

Domains of Self-esteem and | *Best predictors of overall self-esteem

Question 29

Blos: Self-esteem is largely derived from parental approval. A sense of harmony with the parent. Knows she is differentiated from the parent.

Answer 29

Blos' Symbiotic Phase (late childhood)

Question 30

Blos: Delighted with feelings of autonomy. Strives to feel distinct from parents. Omnipotence (all powerful, idealism). Scale tipped to "wing" side.

Answer 30

Blos' Practicing Phase (early adolescence)

Question 31

Blos: Recognizes psychological detachment and desire to restore harmony with the parent. Ambivalence: Wants independence, but wants understanding and love. Unconditional positive regard.

Answer 31

Blos' Rapprochement Phase (middle adolescence)

Question 32

Blos: Has reconciled to some extent the struggle to be separate from the parent. Now they must decide who they want to become.

Answer 32

Blos' Consolidation Phase (late adolescence)

Question 33

Healthy Less Healthy Temporal perspective vs. time confusion Self-certainty vs. self-consciousness Role experimentation (critical ) vs. role fixation Apprenticeship vs. work paralysis Sexual polarization vs. bisexual confusion Leadership & followership vs. authority confusion Ideological commitment vs. confusion of values

Answer 33

Erickson's Seven Conflicts of Identity Formation (Crisis)

Question 34

Diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Achievement

Answer 34

Marcia's Identity Statuses

Question 35

``` The incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self characteristic of not having resolved the crisis of identity. Noncommittal Lack of clear direction Little interest in the future Not searching ```

Answer 35

Identity Diffusion

Question 36

``` The premature establishment of a sense of identity, before sufficient role experimentation has occurred. Selects a ready-made identity Has not explored alternatives Takes answers and beliefs from others Does not question much ```

Answer 36

Identity Foreclosure

Question 37

``` Active questioning Exploration of alternatives No firm commitment Exploring with an agenda Can be emotionally ladening and anxiety ridden ```

Answer 37

Identity Moratorium

Question 38

A commitment that is your own Resolution of crisis You must go through moratorium first

Answer 38

Identity Achievement

Question 39

Unexamined Ethnic Identity Ethnic Identity Search Achieved Ethnic Identity

Answer 39

Phinny's Model of Ethnic Identity Development

Question 40

Phinny: A lack of consideration of one's ethnicity, and acceptance of the norms and beliefs of the dominant culture.

Answer 40

Unexamined Ethnic Identity

Question 41

Phinny: A crisis that makes teens aware of ethnicity as a significant factor in their lives. May be provoked or gradual.

Answer 41

Ethnic Identity search

Question 42

Phinny: Fully embracing ethnic identity and reconciling their identifications with the majority and minority cultures.

Answer 42

Achieved Ethnic Identity

Question 43

Pre-encounter Encounter Immersion/Emersion Internalization/Commitment

Answer 43

Cross's Model of Ethnic Identity Development

Question 44

Cross: Identity with and preference for dominant cultural values. Late Childhood to early adolescence.

Answer 44

Pre-encounter

Question 45

Cross: Trigger events may prompt one to break out of one's denial and question their EI

Answer 45

Encounter

Question 46

Cross: Endorsing minority views and rejecting dominant society. Pendulum swing to minority view. May feel anger, guilt, sold out, brainwashed.

Answer 46

Immersion

Question 47

Cross: No longer rejects everything from the dominant culture wholesale nor do they accept everything from their own culture. Flexible in one's identity.

Answer 47

Emersion

Question 48

Cross: Resolves conflicts of the previous stage and attains greater self-control and flexibility. Better grades and mental health.

Answer 48

Internalization/Commitment

Question 49

Acculturation model: Strong ties to culture of origin and "new" culture. Giving up culture of origin & assimilating into the new culture

Answer 49

Linear, bipolar acculturation model

Question 50

Acculturation model: It is not necessary for immigrants to give up their culture of origin in order to adapt to the new society.

Answer 50

Two-dimensional acculturation model

Question 51

Acculturation: "Tossed salad" Mosaic bicultural identity

Answer 51

Integration

Question 52

Acculturation: "Melting pot" Give up culture of origin. Native Americans were expected to do this.

Answer 52

Assimilation

Question 53

``` Acculturation: Aimless Directionless Don't fit in either community Native American's ended up here. Problematic: social, academic, family ```

Answer 53

Marginalization

Question 54

Acculturation: No relations with the dominant culture vs. segregation forced by the majority

Answer 54

Separation

Question 55

Switching back and forth between the majority and minority cultures depending on the specific situation. Highly adaptive.

Answer 55

Code-switching

Question 56

Morality is acquired through: reinforcement (rewards and punishments) and modeling. Children are taught moral standards explicitly (more often) and implicitly. Heavy emphasis on behavior.

Answer 56

Social Transmission Theory

Question 57

There is no absolute right or wrong and no way of knowing that something is right or wrong apart from what your society tells you.

Answer 57

Moral Relativism

Question 58

One can say that something is morally wrong for everyone, everywhere, anytime. There is a universal right and wrong. It is not a statement of preference or taste. Morality is prescriptive (ought or should) and generalizable.

Answer 58

Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Question 59

One person or society does not decide what is right or wrong for everyone else, people decide for themselves.

Answer 59

Moral Universality

Question 60

Pertains to matters of justice, equality and the prevention of harm to others. Not arbitrary. Does not vary across people, culture or time. Not consensus based.

Answer 60

Morality

Question 61

Morality is not

Answer 61

Social convention or personal matters.

Question 62

Piaget: Preschoolers are not guided by and show little understanding of rules.

Answer 62

Pre-Heteronomy: Piaget

Question 63

Piaget: Stage 1, Age 5 to 10: Children become aware of rules and regard them as "sacred": Rules come from others, cannot be changed and must be obeyed. Objective responsibility: based on the amount of damage.

Answer 63

Heteronomy: Piaget

Question 64

Piaget: Stage 2, About age 10: Children become oriented towards cooperation and reciprocity. They choose their relationships with and are more equal to their peers. Concrete operations and shades of gray. Subjective responsibility: based on intentions.

Answer 64

Moral Autonomy: Piaget

Question 65

Kohlberg, Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation (less than 7 yrs old): How can I stay out of trouble? Avoid punishment. Stage 2: instrumental orientation (7 to 10 yrs. old): How can I get what I want? Self interest.

Answer 65

Kohlberg's Stage Level 1: Preconventional

Question 66

Kohlberg, Stage 3: good-boy/girl orientation. How can I make other people happy? Family, friends, loyal, trustworthy (age 10-adolescence) Stage 4: law and order: How can I do my duty and obey the rules? (adolescence) follow the law, social order, culture.

Answer 66

Kohlberg's Stage Level 2: Conventional

Question 67

Kohlberg, Morality no longer dependent upon the rules and values of one's group. People think in terms of abstract principles that apply universally. (adult) An ought distinction. Rules and laws should be flexible.

Answer 67

Kohlberg's Stage Level 3: Postconventional

Question 68

``` Turiel: Social Domain Theory Autonomous morality (not based on obedience or conformity). ```

Answer 68

Turiel | 3 to 4 yrs. old

Question 69

Turiel: Moral judgement is regulated by concerns for maintaining welfare and avoiding harm. Fairness is expressed in terms of personal needs.

Answer 69

Turiel | 5 to 7 yrs. old

Question 70

Turiel: Understanding of strict reciprocity. Considers the impact of actions on others. Has difficulty balancing the needs of more than one person at a time.

Answer 70

Turiel | 8 to 10 years old

Question 71

Turiel: Concern with equity. Treating people fairly means treating people unequally. Fairness extends to those from whom one has not expected repayment.

Answer 71

Turiel | 10 to 12 yrs. old

Question 72

Turiel: Further consolidation of the relations between equity and equality and a deepened understanding of fairness.

Answer 72

Turiel | 12-17 years old.

Question 73

``` Companionship Stimulation Physical support Ego/Psychological support Social comparison A safe environment Intimacy and affection ```

Answer 73

The functions of adolescents' friendships

Question 74

3 to 6 years old friendship level? | Non-subjective relationship, concrete

Answer 74

Level 1 Friendship

Question 75

5 to 9 years old friendship level? | Relationship based on a positive feeling

Answer 75

Level 2 Friendship

Question 76

7 to 12 years old friendship level? | Reciprocity and trust

Answer 76

Level 3 Friendship

Question 77

10 to 15 years old friendship level? | Mutual understanding and awareness

Answer 77

Level 4 Friendship

Question 78

Where adolescents learn how to be a good friend, share, communicate and resolve conflict. Learn important social skills.

Answer 78

Cliques

Question 79

Where adolescents get their norms for clothing, music, leisure and activities. Contributes to identity and self-concept.

Answer 79

Crowds

Question 80

``` Reaffirms membership in social groups Defamation of third parties Discussion of connections among teens Discussion of others' desirable traits. Few gender differences ```

Answer 80

Gossip