Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Biological perspective
A
Onset of puberty
2
Q
Emotional perspective
A
Detachment from parents
3
Q
Cognitive perspective
A
More advanced reasoning
4
Q
Interpersonal perspective
A
Interest shifts from parents to peers
5
Q
Social perspective
A
Beginning of training for adult work, family, and citizen roles
6
Q
Educational perspective
A
Entrance into Jr. High
7
Q
Legal perspective
A
Attainment of juvenile status
8
Q
Chronological perspective
A
Attainment of a designated age
9
Q
Cultural perspective
A
Entrance into period of training for ceremonial rite of passage
10
Q
Middle ages
A
6-15th Century Performationism
11
Q
Performationism
A
Children = mini adults Middle Ages (6-15th century)
12
Q
Reformation
A
16th Century Original sin
13
Q
Enlightenment
A
17th-18th Century Locke Rousseau
14
Q
Turn of the Century
A
1890-1920 Stanley Hall “Storm and Stress” Recapitulation Margaret Mead Interventionist View of Adolescence Adolescence generalization gap
15
Q
Locke
A
Tabula Rasa: Knowledge is the product of experience. Empiricism Enlightenment period
16
Q
Noble savage
A
Children are endowed with a sense of right and wrong, with an innate plan for orderly growth; parents and teachers should foster the goodness and sensitivity. Rousseau Enlightenment period
17
Q
Father of Adolescent Psychology
A
Stanley Hall
18
Q
Lamarkian
A
Organisms pass on memories and acquired characteristics
19
Q
Storm and Stress
A
Memory of a tumultuous period of evolution is inherited. It’s a time of turbulence, conflict and extreme mood swings. -universally and biologically based -environment can modify or exacerbate the upheaval. -critical period for the formation of the adult Hall
20
Q
Recapitulation
A
Individual development parallels the development of the human species. Hall
21
Q
Inventionist View of Adolescence
A
Adolescence is a sociohistorical invention resulting from circumstances early in the 20th century.
22
Q
Age of Adolescence
A
1890-1920 Nearly every state passed laws to exclude youth from employment and required secondary school
23
Q
Adolescent Generalization Gap
A
Widespread generalizations based on information about a limited, highly visible group of teens. Through media and stereotypes.
24
Q
Physical manifestations of puberty
A
1) Height and weight 2) Primary sex characteristics: gonads=testes and ovaries 3) Secondary sex characteristics: Body hair and breasts. 4) Body composition: muscle/fat, girls 5/4, boys 3/1 5) Circulatory and respiratory: increased strength and exercise tolerance
25
Androgens
Male sex hormones
26
Estrogens
Female sex hormones
27
Endocrine system (HPG axis)
Hypothalamus: hunger, thirst sex Pituitary: master gland-gonadotropins Gonads negative feedback loop
28
Adrenarche
Hormonal changes in the adrenal gland -6-9 yrs. of age -Pubic hair, brain development, first crush, sexual attraction -Increase DHEA -2 yrs before godanarche
29
Gonadarche
-Menarche in girls: 8-10 yrs old -Spermarche in males: 10-11 yrs old
30
Leptin
A protein secreted by fat cells. Higher in girls.
31
Peak height velocity
The most rapid growth in height and weight, about 2 years after the start of the growth spurt -Girls, 12 yrs old -Boys, 14 yrs old
32
Determinants of height
-heredity -nutrition -age when sexual maturation begings -girls done by age 17 -boys done by age 18, 4" taller -early maturers are shorter
33
Weight gain
Girls-18lbs/yr Boys-20lbs/yr
34
Secular trend
The mean age of menarche is lower due to nutrition, high SES, improved sanitation and control of infectious diseases
35
Gender intensification hypothesis
The pressure for teens to act according to traditional gender roles. -males: more freedom and autonomy -females: more restricted and expected to be compliant
36
Anorexia
emaciated, 1% of teens Onset: teen Dependent, anxious, perfectionist No desire to change Desire for control Enmeshed and repressed family
37
Bulimia
Near normal weight, 2-3% of teens Onset: Late teens, early 20's Moody, impulsive, low tolerance to frustration Desires to be attractive Conflicted and stress filled family
38
Neurogenesis
100 billion neurons: 7 to 18-20 weeks of gestation
39
Synaptogenesis
Overproduction of neurons: 8 weeks gestation to 2nd birthday -1.8 million synapses/second are created
40
2nd wave of synaptogenesis
Maximal size reached: girls 11 yrs, boys 12 yrs
41
Pruning
1% per year between 13 and 18 yrs
42
Schemas
Our most basic psychological structures that provide a template for action in the world
43
Adaptation
The process by which schemas change
44
Assimilation
The process in which a person understands a new experience in terms of their current way of thinking
45
Accomodation
A process in which an existing schema or way of thinking is changed and modified in response to new experiences
46
Sensorimotor
Birth to 2 yrs old Sensorimotor egocentrism Object permanence
47
Peoperational
2-6 years old Symbolic function Preoperational egocentrism Perception bound thinking Centered and rigid thinking Lacks conservation
48
Concrete Operations
6-11 years old Identity Reversibility Hierarchial classification
49
Formal Operational thought
11+ years old Substage A: early adolescence Substage B: mid-adolescence or later inductive reasoning deductive reasoning
50
Formal Operational thought
Megacognition Abstraction Combinatorial reasoning Logical reasoning Hypothetico reasoning
51
Sensorimotor egocentrism
Unable to perceive people/objects except in relation to the self
52
Peroperational egocentrism
Unable to distinguish one's own mental representation from those of others
53
Perception bound thinking
Heavily influenced by appearances
54
Centered and rigid thinking
Focuses on one dimension at a time while over looking other dimensions -lack of mental reversibility
55
Conservation
Knowledge that an underlying physical dimension remains the same despite superficial changes in its appearance -Can't conserve until they understand reversiblity
56
Identity
An operation combined with its opposite becomes nullified
57
Reversibility
Every operation has an opposite operation that reverses it
58
Seriation
An ordering test
59
Inductive reasoning
Inferring and creating generalizations from accumulated evidence
60
Deductive reasoning
Can draw logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises -abstract logic in absence of concrete examples
61
Metacognition
Ability to think about thinking Imaginary audience Personal fable
62
Abstraction
Thinking about what is possible -Considers reality with respect to possibilities -Using symbols for symbols
63
Combinatorial Reasoning
Thinking in multiple dimensions
64
Logical reasoning
Aware of the logical relations that exist among ideas -Can use logical consistency to determine whether a statement is true or false
65
Hypothetico-Deductive reasoning
To begin with a hypothetical, even false, assertion -Systematically deduce the best problem-solving strategy -Enables one to consider the logical implications of a set of premises whether or not one accepts those premeises
66
Onset of puberty
Biological perspective
67
Detachment from parents
Emotional perspective
68
More advanced reasoning
Cognitive perspective
69
Interest shifts from parents to peers
Interpersonal perspective
70
Beginning of training for adult work, family, and citizen roles
Social perspective
71
Entrance into Jr. High
Educational perspective
72
Attainment of juvenile status
Legal perspective
73
Attainment of a designated age
Chronological perspective
74
Entrance into period of training for ceremonial rite of passage
Cultural perspective
75
6-15th Century Performationism
Middle ages
76
Children = mini adults Middle Ages (6-15th century)
Performationism
77
16th Century Original sin
Reformation
78
17th-18th Century Locke Rousseau
Enlightenment
79
1890-1920 Stanley Hall "Storm and Stress" Recapitulation Margaret Mead Interventionist View of Adolescence Adolescence generalization gap
Turn of the Century
80
Tabula Rasa: Knowledge is the product of experience. Empiricism Enlightenment period
Locke
81
Children are endowed with a sense of right and wrong, with an innate plan for orderly growth; parents and teachers should foster the goodness and sensitivity. Rousseau Enlightenment period
Noble savage
82
Stanley Hall
Father of Adolescent Psychology
83
Organisms pass on memories and acquired characteristics
Lamarkian
84
Memory of a tumultuous period of evolution is inherited. It's a time of turbulence, conflict and extreme mood swings. -universally and biologically based -environment can modify or exacerbate the upheaval. -critical period for the formation of the adult Hall
Storm and Stress
85
Individual development parallels the development of the human species. Hall
Recapitulation
86
Adolescence is a sociohistorical invention resulting from circumstances early in the 20th century.
Inventionist View of Adolescence
87
1890-1920 Nearly every state passed laws to exclude youth from employment and required secondary school
Age of Adolescence
88
Widespread generalizations based on information about a limited, highly visible group of teens. Through media and stereotypes.
Adolescent Generalization Gap
89
1) Height and weight 2) Primary sex characteristics: gonads=testes and ovaries 3) Secondary sex characteristics: Body hair and breasts. 4) Body composition: muscle/fat, girls 5/4, boys 3/1 5) Circulatory and respiratory: increased strength and exercise tolerance
Physical manifestations of puberty
90
Male sex hormones
Androgens
91
Female sex hormones
Estrogens
92
Hypothalamus: hunger, thirst sex Pituitary: master gland-gonadotropins Gonads negative feedback loop
Endocrine system (HPG axis)
93
Hormonal changes in the adrenal gland -6-9 yrs. of age -Pubic hair, brain development, first crush, sexual attraction -Increase DHEA -2 yrs before godanarche
Adrenarche
94
-Menarche in girls: 8-10 yrs old -Spermarche in males: 10-11 yrs old
Gonadarche
95
A protein secreted by fat cells. Higher in girls.
Leptin
96
The most rapid growth in height and weight, about 2 years after the start of the growth spurt -Girls, 12 yrs old -Boys, 14 yrs old
Peak height velocity
97
-heredity -nutrition -age when sexual maturation begings -girls done by age 17 -boys done by age 18, 4" taller -early maturers are shorter
Determinants of height
98
Girls-18lbs/yr Boys-20lbs/yr
Weight gain
99
The mean age of menarche is lower due to nutrition, high SES, improved sanitation and control of infectious diseases
Secular trend
100
The pressure for teens to act according to traditional gender roles. -males: more freedom and autonomy -females: more restricted and expected to be compliant
Gender intensification hypothesis
101
emaciated, 1% of teens Onset: teen Dependent, anxious, perfectionist No desire to change Desire for control Enmeshed and repressed family
Anorexia
102
Near normal weight, 2-3% of teens Onset: Late teens, early 20's Moody, impulsive, low tolerance to frustration Desires to be attractive Conflicted and stress filled family
Bulimia
103
100 billion neurons: 7 to 18-20 weeks of gestation
Neurogenesis
104
Overproduction of neurons: 8 weeks gestation to 2nd birthday -1.8 million synapses/second are created
Synaptogenesis
105
Maximal size reached: girls 11 yrs, boys 12 yrs
2nd wave of synaptogenesis
106
1% per year between 13 and 18 yrs
Pruning
107
Our most basic psychological structures that provide a template for action in the world
Schemas
108
The process by which schemas change
Adaptation
109
The process in which a person understands a new experience in terms of their current way of thinking
Assimilation
110
A process in which an existing schema or way of thinking is changed and modified in response to new experiences
Accomodation
111
Birth to 2 yrs old Sensorimotor egocentrism Object permanence
Sensorimotor
112
2-6 years old Symbolic function Preoperational egocentrism Perception bound thinking Centered and rigid thinking Lacks conservation
Peoperational
113
6-11 years old Identity Reversibility Hierarchial classification
Concrete Operations
114
11+ years old Substage A: early adolescence Substage B: mid-adolescence or later inductive reasoning deductive reasoning
Formal Operational thought
115
Megacognition Abstraction Combinatorial reasoning Logical reasoning Hypothetico reasoning
Formal Operational thought
116
Unable to perceive people/objects except in relation to the self
Sensorimotor egocentrism
117
Unable to distinguish one's own mental representation from those of others
Peroperational egocentrism
118
Heavily influenced by appearances
Perception bound thinking
119
Focuses on one dimension at a time while over looking other dimensions -lack of mental reversibility
Centered and rigid thinking
120
Knowledge that an underlying physical dimension remains the same despite superficial changes in its appearance -Can't conserve until they understand reversiblity
Conservation
121
An operation combined with its opposite becomes nullified
Identity
122
Every operation has an opposite operation that reverses it
Reversibility
123
An ordering test
Seriation
124
Inferring and creating generalizations from accumulated evidence
Inductive reasoning
125
Can draw logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises -abstract logic in absence of concrete examples
Deductive reasoning
126
Ability to think about thinking Imaginary audience Personal fable
Metacognition
127
Thinking about what is possible -Considers reality with respect to possibilities -Using symbols for symbols
Abstraction
128
Thinking in multiple dimensions
Combinatorial Reasoning
129
Aware of the logical relations that exist among ideas -Can use logical consistency to determine whether a statement is true or false
Logical reasoning
130
To begin with a hypothetical, even false, assertion -Systematically deduce the best problem-solving strategy -Enables one to consider the logical implications of a set of premises whether or not one accepts those premeises
Hypothetico-Deductive reasoning
