exam 2 Flashcards
who was Jenny the orangutan
- appeared to be a normal girl
- wore a girls dress, sat at a table, used a spoon to eat, understood directions, and knew what she wasn’t allowed to do
- darwin’s attention was captured and he no longer was concerned with the structure of consciousness, but its function
what is functionalism
concerned with how the mind functions and how it is used to adapt to the environment
what did lamarck think about evolution
theory that ephasized modifications to bodily form in order to adapt
what did lyell think about evolution
earth had passed through various stages of development
what was the zeitgeist of the time
scientists were learning more about biology and the species that live on earth
what was darwins evidence of evolution
- fossil record
- selective breeding programs
- similarities between structures of living species
what are the fundamental points of darwins “on the origin of species”
- natural selection of traits best suited for the environment
- survival of the fittest
- variation is a law of heredity
- the finches beaks shows evolution at work
what was darwins influence on psychology
- animal psychology
- emphasis on the functions of consciousness
- acceptance of methods and data from many fields
- focused on the description and measurement of individual differences
what was galtons idea
individual differences
- worked on mental inheritance and individual differences in human capacities
- first to come up with statistical tests
- mental characteristics follow a normal distribution
- proposed eugenics
- assumed intelligence can be measured with motor capacity
what is the association of ideas
Galton
researched the diversity and RT off associations
what is mental imagery
Galton
mental imagery fits a normal curve
what is arithmetic by smell
Galton
attempt to count by odors
who was george john romanes
- wrote the first book on comparative psychology
- developed the mental ladder where he ordered animals in terms of mental functioning
- termed introspection
who was c lloyd morgan
believed animal behavior should not be overestimated to higher mental processes
what was morgans cannon
animal behavior must not be attributed to a higher mental process when it can be explain in terms of a lower mental process
who was herbert spencer
he had neurotic symptoms and used opium as a remedy for insomnia
- social darwinism: the development of all aspects of the universe is evolutionary
- proposed that “survival of the fittest” should operate freely
why did Spencer take his ideas to america
social darwinism is compatible with american values and individualistic spirit
synthetic philosophy: knowledge explained by evolution
who was samuel Butler
machines evolve like humans
what were Holleriths punch cards
a new way of processing information so that the census can be more efficient
- a machine punches holes and counts it to tally stats
- now known as IBM
who was william james
father of american psych
- stream of consciousness: mind is a flowing process
- pragmatism: truth based on practical consequences
- theory of emotions: arousal of physical response precedes appearance of emotion
what was james three part self
material: everything unique our own
social: recognition we get from others
spiritual: our inner and subjective being
what was james idea of habit
repetitive actions increase plasticity of neural matter
who was mary calkins
student of james
- developed paired associate technique
- contested the variability hypothesis (idea that men have wider range of physical and mental development)
who was helen woolley
tested the notion that women were biologically inferior to men
- found that there were no sex differences in emotional functioning or intelligence
who was leta hollingworth
- data refuted vairability hypothesis
- ex: found periods were not related to performance deficits
who was granville hall
- first american doctoral degree
- first psych lab in the US
- growth of the mind involved evolutionary stages
what was halls recapitulation theory
children repeat the life history of the human race
what does functionalism have an emphasis on
- mental functions: real world problems
- how people function and adapt to different environments
who were the three psychologists who contributed to the founding of functionalism
James, Dewey, Angell
What was deweys idea of practical orientation
applying psych to educational and philosophical problems
what were deweys most important work
the reflec arc
- neither behavior or consciousness experience can be reduced to elements
what was angells goal of psycholgoy
study of how the midn assists the organism in adjusting to its environment
what were three major themes of the functionalist movement
- the psychology of mental operations
- the psychology of fundamental utilities of consciousness
- the psychology of mind body relations
who else contributed to functionalism at Columbia
Cattell and Thorndike
what did cattell research
worked on mental tests that embodied the american functionalist spirit
what did thorndike research
problems of animal learning reinforced obejctivity
who was woodworth
dynamic psychology:
motivation of behavior
what were criticisms of functionalism
any approach to psychology that deviated from an introspective analysis of the mind was not considered true psychology
what was functionalism
mental activity
and the function of it to evaluate experiences and use these to determine action
FDA Coca cola raid
caffeine was found in the syrup base for coca cola which was seen as hazardous and habit forming, so they recruited harry hollingworth to conduct research and he insisted that they need higher ethical standards. the results found that there were no harmful effects or declines in performance
what were economic influences on applied psychology
job opportunities in academia were quickly being filled, so phd grads needed to look beyond
What did hall propose
psychology needs to make an influence outside of university
- education
- industry
- testin
- mental health
- criminal justice
who was mental testing best represented by
cattell
- promoted a practical test oriented approach to the study
- concerned with human abilities rather than consciousnes
- reaction time
- mental tests of motor skills and sensory capacities
what did binet develop
the first true psychological test of mental ability
who was terman
studied with hall
invented the iq test
what were ideas from medicine and engineering
used language to show people it was just as scientific as more established sciences
racial differences in intelligence
iq testing showed racial differences which was later determined to be environmental not biological
who was goodendough
draw a man test
Maude james
wrote the revision of the standord-binet intelligence test
psyche cattell
cattell infant intelligence scale
anne anastasi
test guru
who was witmer
first psych clinic
- clinical psychology
how did clinical psych change with the world war ii
many draftees had anxiety, depression, anger, unstable
walter scott
first to apply psych to management and advertising
- argues that because consumers do not act rationally, they can be easily influenced
how did wwi influence io psych
increase in popularity of io psych
- evaluated job wualifications of soldiers
how did wwii impact iopsych
brought psychologists into war for testing and classifying recruits
what were the hawthrone studies
investiation of the effects of the physical worke nvironment
- social workplace more important than physical
lillian gilbreth
ideas applied to the organization of the home like shelves inside fridge
hugo munsterberg
forensic psychology
psychotherapy
industrial psych
what was little albert study
watson and rayner
- while a child is distracted, watson strikes a steel rod with a hammer
- once the strike is paired with a neutral stimuli (white rat), stimuli begins to cause fear response
who was watson
founded behaviorism
- rejected introspection and mentalism
- insisted psych should just be about what can be observed
what are three primary learned reactions
fear -produced by loud noises
rage - restriction of bodily movements
love - rocking, patting
what was thorndikes puzzle box
placed hungry cat in box to see how long it would take for the cat to activate the lever to be fed
- trial and error learning
what is the law of effect
acts that produce satisfaction in a given situation become associated with that situation
law of exercise
the more an act or response is used, the more strongly the act becomes associated with that situation
who was mary cover-jones
conducts study with boy who already has fear of rabbits
- conditions him to be desensitized to the fear
who was lashley
law of mass action
principle of equipotentiality
who was mcdougall
foceful opponent of watson
- instinct theory of behavior: innate tendencies to thought and action
what did dewey promote to directly challenge structuralism
applied psychology
who said psychology would only deal with acts that can be described obejctively
watson
who first developed the intelligence test
binet
what was a consequcne of darwins work for psycholoy
a focus on individual differences
which idea states that the efficiency of learning is a function of the mass of the cortex
law of mass action
what was new about darwins work
hard data to support a theory
why didnt wundt and titchenres system survive in the us
they were not pragmatic
what was cattell a strong proponent of
eugenics
who were the first techniques of psychological therapy used b
witmer
