exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is shaping?
A
reinforcement of the successive approximations of a target behavior
used in operant conditioning to develop or modify behaviors.
2
Q
What principles does shaping involve?
A
Both the principles of reinforcement and extinction
This combination helps in gradually guiding behavior toward a desired target.
3
Q
Is shaping a part of respondent or classical conditioning?
A
No, it is not respondent or classical conditioning
Shaping is specifically an operant conditioning technique.
4
Q
Which design matches well with shaping?
A
Changing criterion design
This design allows for adjustments in the criteria for reinforcement as the behavior improves.
5
Q
What are the uses of shaping?
A
- To develop complex behavior that does not exist
- To change the dimensions of a behavior
- To develop new variations of a behavior
- To reinstate old behaviors that are not occurring
- To use when instructions, modeling, and prompting aren’t working or not applicable
6
Q
What are examples of problem behaviors that shaping can develop?
A
- Showing off
- Begging
- Nagging
- Self injuries
7
Q
What is qualitative shaping?
A
Requires that the quality of the performance of the task becomes better
Focuses on improving how the behavior is performed rather than just the frequency.
8
Q
What is quantitative shaping?
A
Requires increases in the amount of behavior
This involves reinforcing more instances of a behavior over time.
9
Q
List the steps in shaping.
A
- Identify target behavior
- Find out if you can do modeling, instructing, or prompting first
- Identify a starting behavior
- Choose the shaping steps
- Choose the reinforcer
- Reinforce each successive approximation of the target behavior
- Reinforce the first approximation of the target behavior until it occurs a number of times
- Reinforce the next approximation and extinguish prior approximations
- Continue the process until you reach target behavior
- Move at the proper pace
10
Q
What is stimulus control?
A
The ability to get the right behavior to occur at the right time.
11
Q
What is the purpose of developing new behaviors?
A
To remind ourselves to engage in behavior we already have learned.
12
Q
Give an example of using a physical prompt.
A
Teaching Trevor to hit the baseball by providing him with a physical prompt at first.
13
Q
What is a prompting antecedent stimulus?
A
An event that currently controls a response.
14
Q
What is the role of a prompt?
A
To get the behavior to occur in the correct situation.
15
Q
What are the types of prompts?
A
Verbal (instructions), Gestural (pouting), Modeling (demonstrating) Physical Guidance (hands on)
These prompts are used to assist learners in performing tasks or behaviors.
16
Q
Fill in the blank: Supplemental stimuli can include _______.
A
additional cues or materials
17
Q
What are stimulus prompts?
A
Stimulus prompts manipulate or modify an antecedent stimulus to make the correct response more obvious
18
Q
Define extra stimulus in prompting.
A
Added prompts
19
Q
What is prompt fading?
A
Gradual removal of a response prompt while the response occurs in the presence of the SD
20
Q
What is the difference between prompt fading and stimulus fading?
A
Prompt fading is the gradual removal of the response prompt, while stimulus fading is gradually removing the stimulus prompt
21
Q
What is prompt delay?
A
Present the SD, wait X number of seconds, then present the prompt if needed
22
Q
What happens when fading is too slow?
A
The individual may become too dependent on the prompts
23
Q
What happens when fading is too fast?
A
Error rates increase and the task may not be learned
24
Q
What is the most effective means of varying prompts?
A
Least to Most Prompting
25
What is derived relational responding?
Autism.
Learning things that were never reinforced.
26
List the steps for prompting and transfer of stimulus control.
* Choose the most appropriate prompt strategy
* Get the learner’s attention
* Present the SD
* Give the prompt for the correct response
* Reinforce the correct response
* Fade the prompts over a number of trials
* Continue to reinforce unprompted responses
* Eventually use intermittent reinforcement for maintenance
27
What is Behavior Chaining?
Put together stimulus-response chains to get complex sets of behaviors.
28
What does Sd1 lead to in a behavior chain?
R1
29
What does R1 lead to in a behavior chain?
R2
30
What does R2 become when it is an Sd?
Sd3
31
What is the final reinforcer in a behavior chain?
Sr
32
Provide an example of a behavior chain starting with Sd1.
Sd1 (bowl oatmeal and spoon) leads to R1 (spoon in food)
## Footnote
Followed by further responses until Sr (eating) is reached.
33
What is backward chaining?
Teach the last S-R component first.
34
What is forward chaining?
Teaching the first S-R component first.
35
What is Total Task Presentation?
Execute the whole S-R chain in each training trial. Use graduated guidance in each trial. Fade to shadowing. Fade out to your prompting guidance.
36
What steps are involved in Training Sequence for each Component
* Present the Sd
* Give verbal/physical prompts
* Give praise for correct response
* Fade prompts
*When a response occurs without prompts. Move to next S-R component.
*Repeat.
37
What are other chaining procedures mentioned?
* Picture prompts
* Written task analysis
* Self instructions
38
What is the difference between chaining and shaping?
Chaining uses prompting; shaping is one behavior.
39
True or False: Chaining uses extinction.
False
40
Fill in the blank: If a task is easy, there is no difference if a task is difficult, _______ chaining is better.
forward
41
Fill in the blank: _______ chaining is more motivating.
Backward
44
What is respondent conditioning?
Antecedent stimulus elicits/causes a response
Respondent conditioning involves the association between a stimulus and a response.
45
What does a prompt represent in the context of respondent conditioning?
Discriminative stimulus (SD) that evokes a chosen response
Prompts are used to guide behavior in operant conditioning.
46
Is the response in respondent conditioning automatic or chosen?
Chosen behavior
Responses are ideally reinforced by a stimulus response (SR).
47
Is prompting used in operant conditioning or respondent conditioning?
Used in operant conditioning
Prompting is a technique that helps in shaping behavior.
48
What does Behavioral Skills Training (BST) aim to teach?
New behaviors
## Footnote
BST is particularly effective for behaviors that can be simulated in a role play.
49
When should BST be used?
When more intrusive chaining procedures are not necessary
50
In what settings can BST be applied?
Individually or in groups
51
What is a key consideration when providing instructions in BST?
Must be understandable, in proper sequence, and clarified to the target learner at their level
52
Who should provide BST?
A person with credibility
53
What enhances the success of BST?
Modeling
54
What is modeling in the context of learning?
Learning by watching the behavior of other people
55
According to Bandura's research, what behavior can be learned by watching others?
Maladaptive behavior such as aggression
56
What are key factors for modeling success?
* Model has high status or similarity to the learner
* Model's behavior is reinforced
* Complexity of modeled behavior is appropriate for the learner
* Learner is paying attention to the model
* Model's behavior occurs in a proper context
57
What is rehearsal in the context of BST?
Practice of a behavior in a role play situation
58
What enhances the success of rehearsal?
* Works best immediately after instructions and modeling
* Learner knows the proper context
* Followed by immediate praise or other reinforcers
* Done correctly with corrective feedback if needed
59
What are the three components of a functional assessment?
ABCs
* A - Antecedent event
* B - Behavior of interest
* C - Consequence events
60
What is the function of a functional assessment?
To figure out how to decrease problem behaviors
61
What is the formula that represents the relationship between behavior and environment?
B = ƒ(E)
62
What does the antecedent event in a functional assessment refer to?
Social and environmental conditions preceding the target behavior
63
What is the target behavior in a functional assessment?
The behavior of interest and co-occurring behaviors
64
What is the consequence event in a functional assessment?
Social and environmental events immediately following the target behavior
65
What is the purpose of experimental manipulations in functional assessment?
To manipulate antecedents and/or consequences to evaluate possible functions
66
What is Functional Assessment?
A non aversive treatment based on functional assessment information. Does not use punishment procedures.
## Footnote
It is the first choice for decreasing behavior.
67
What is a Nonaversive treatment?
A treatment that does not use punishment.
## Footnote
It is preferred for decreasing behavior.
68
What are the key components of using extinction as a functional treatment?
* Implement data collection
* Conduct functional assessment
* Considerations for safety and consistency
* Promote generalization and maintenance
## Footnote
Each component is vital to effectively apply extinction.
69
What should you define when implementing data collection?
Problem behavior
## Footnote
This is essential for accurate assessment.
70
What considerations should be made when using extinction?
* Identify the reinforcer
* Assess ability to remove reinforcer
* Evaluate safety of extinction
* Prepare for extinction burst
* Ensure consistency in application
* Understand the schedule of reinforcement
## Footnote
Each consideration impacts the effectiveness of extinction.
71
What happens if you give the reinforcer ahead of time?
It acts as an abolishing operation, making extinction burst less likely.
## Footnote
This can help manage the behavior before implementing extinction.
72
How can you promote generalization and maintenance of extinction?
* Use extinction in all relevant circumstances
* Ensure consistency among all involved
* Continue using extinction over time
## Footnote
This helps prevent resurgence and spontaneous recovery of the behavior.
73
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a stimulus to increase behavior.
## Footnote
Examples include giving attention or treats.
74
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior.
## Footnote
In the context of behavior, it may involve avoiding unpleasant situations.
75
What is derived relational responding in the context of sleep?
Transforming sleep from a negative experience to a positive one by associating it with attention.
## Footnote
This shift can help change the child's perception of sleep.
76
What is Differential Reinforcement?
A response to one discriminative stimulus is reinforced consistently while ensuring that functionally equivalent undesired responses are not reinforced.
77
What does DRA stand for?
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior.
78
What is the main goal of DRA?
To decrease a problem behavior by reinforcing a functionally equivalent alternative.
79
What is required for the desirable behavior in DRA?
The desirable behavior must serve the same function as the problem behavior.
80
What does DRI stand for?
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior.
81
What is the focus of DRI?
Reinforcing physically incompatible behavior to replace the problem behavior.
82
Give an example of incompatible behaviors in DRI.
* Sitting vs. running
* Normal tone vs. whiny.
83
What is DRC?
Differential Reinforcement of Communication.
84
What does DRC involve?
Reinforcing a communication response to replace the problem behavior.
85
When should DRA be used?
* To increase a desirable behavior
* To decrease an undesirable behavior
* When the behavior already occurs occasionally
* When a reinforcer can be used.
86
What is a critical aspect of reinforcing desirable behavior in DRA?
Reinforce desirable behavior immediately and consistently.
87
What is DRO?
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior.
88
How does DRO function?
Reinforcer is given when the inappropriate behavior does not occur during a specified time interval.
89
What are the two strategies for DRO intervals?
* Whole interval DRO
* Momentary DRO.
90
What is Full Session DRL?
Reinforcer is delivered when fewer than a specified number of responses occurs per time period.
91
What is Spaced Responding DRL?
Reinforcer is delivered for a response when separated from the previous response by a specified interval of time.
92
What is the purpose of DRL?
To reinforce the individual when the rate of engaging in inappropriate behavior is below a specified level.
93
What happens if the problem behavior occurs in DRO?
The interval is reset.
94
What is a key step in the DRO process?
Choose the DRO interval.
95
What should be done with the DRO interval over time?
Gradually increase the DRO interval.
96
What is an essential part of DRL?
Reinforce for a maximum of one response at the end of each time interval.
97
What are functional assessment procedures?
Procedures that analyze behavior to manage interventions
## Footnote
Includes situational analysis and behavior management.
98
What is the goal of stimulus control in behavior management?
Increase probability of desirable target behavior and decrease probability of undesirable alternative behavior
## Footnote
Focuses on manipulating antecedents rather than consequences.
99
What does altering the environment in advance of target behavior involve?
Manipulating environmental variables
## Footnote
A key aspect of behavior management.
100
What is an Establishing Operation (EO)?
Makes reinforcer for desirable behavior more potent
## Footnote
Increases probability of desirable behavior.
101
How can response effort influence behavior probability?
A behavior is more probable when it requires less response effort than a concurrent operant
## Footnote
Response effort can be manipulated through environmental changes.
102
What is the first step in managing antecedents to increase behavior?
Present the SD for desirable behavior
## Footnote
The SD should be present for the target behavior to occur more frequently.
103
What happens when the SD for competing behavior is removed?
Competing behavior occurs less frequently
## Footnote
Absence of the SD reduces the likelihood of the competing behavior.
104
What is an Abolishing Operation (AO)?
Makes the reinforcer for competing behavior less potent
## Footnote
Reduces the likelihood of competing behavior.
105
What are the steps in Antecedent Control?
1. Analyze the 3-term contingency for both behaviors
2. Determine relevant SDs and EOs to manipulate
3. Assess response effort for behaviors
## Footnote
Steps help in managing behavior effectively.
106
Fill in the blank: A behavior is less probable when it requires more response effort than a ______.
concurrent operant
## Footnote
Increasing response effort can deter unwanted behaviors.
107
What is the impact of providing noncontingent reinforcement?
Makes competing behavior less likely to occur
## Footnote
A technique to reduce undesirable behaviors.
108
What is generalization in behavior?
Takes place when the behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some ways to the SD that was present during training.
109
Give an example of generalization.
Pigeon pecks key when sees maroon or magenta light.
110
What is the antecedent in the example of pigeon behavior?
Red light (SD).
111
What is the outcome of the example regarding the red light?
Pigeon pecks the key only when the red light is on.
112
Define stimulus generalization.
Target behavior occurs in all relevant circumstances (all instances of the stimulus class).
113
What is response generalization?
Change in the target behavior results in changes in other relevant behaviors (response class).
114
What does maintenance refer to in behavior training?
The target behavior continues to occur in relevant situations after training.
115
What is one strategy to promote generalization?
Reinforce instances of generalization.
116
How can training stimuli enhance generalization?
Training stimuli and criterion stimuli should be the same.
117
What should you analyze to promote generalization?
Natural contingencies in the environment.
118
How can you train skills that will work for the learner in the real world?
Train the learner to solicit reinforcement from the real world.
119
What role does social reinforcement play in natural reinforcement?
Social reinforcement is prominent in natural reinforcement.
120
What is a general procedure to enhance generalization?
Modify natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment.
121
What does general case programming involve?
Incorporating common stimuli.
122
What is a function of self-generated mediators of generalization?
Other behavior or self-instructions that the learner uses.
