exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Frequency
A
How many times?
2
Q
Latency
A
Time for when the gun goes off to when you start running
3
Q
Over behaviours
A
verbal behaviours
4
Q
Types of overt behaviours
A
Echoic: imitation
mond : verbal responses when you ask for something
tact: verbal responses when you identify an object
interval: responses to anything someone says
5
Q
covert behaviours
A
Thoughts
Infer its existence from overt responses
6
Q
Dead man’s test
A
Finding out if it’s a behaviour of a dead man can do it. It’s not a behaviour.
7
Q
how does behaviour develop?
A
Learning and hereditary
8
Q
medical model versus behavioural model
A
Medical model: biology and internal past events
behavioural model: change current antecedents and the consequences
9
Q
effectiveness and eticasy
A
effectiveness works in the real world
Eticasy is lab research
10
Q
Law of effect
A
behaviour is affected by the things that come after it
11
Q
Behavioural assessment
A
Measurement of the target behaviour. What is driving the behaviour and is a behaviour even a problem?
12
Q
purpose of a behavioural assessment
A
Can it be assessed and can it be treated?
13
Q
Direct assessment
A
Anything observed at the time occurred in the same environment prone to reactivity
Cons cost and limitations using in everyday settings
14
Q
indirect assessment
A
Using roundabout ways to measure behaviour
Cons data is only as accurate as people are remembering it
15
Q
define Target behaviour
A
Define overt rather than covert behaviours
Behavioural sponsor should be internal
16
Q
To increase a behaviour
A
Reduce competing responses
17
Q
To decrease a behaviour
A
Increase incompatible response
18
Q
continuous recording or event recording
A
Process of recording all events of the behaviour taking place overtime
19
Q
Product
recording
A
indirect assessment method used when a behavior results in a certain tangible outcome you are interested in
20
Q
Punishment
A
A behaviour occurs prior to adding any stimulus
Performance of behaviors results immeadiatly in an unpleasant consequence
Repetition of this process results and behaviour being less likely to occur
21
Q
punisher
A
An aversive stimulus added after behaviour that makes behaviour less likely to occur.
Consequences are not punisher
Punish their behaviour not the person or animal
22
Q
two types of punishment
A
Positive punishment
negative punishment
23
Q
positive punishment
A
A behaviour occurs after adding stimulus
Performance of the behaviour results immediately after the punisher is applied.
Behaviour is less likely to occur in the future
24
Q
Negative punishment
A
A behaviour occurs by withdrawing stimulus.
The behaviour results immeadiately when the reinforcer is removed
Behavior is LESS likely to occur
25
Withdrawing
example: a teen who swears a lot gets their car keys taken away they will stop swearing as much
26
reinforcement versus punishment
Reinforcement is increasing frequency of the behaviour in the future. Punishment is decreasing the behaviour in the future.
27
Types of punishers
Unconditioned punishers and condition punishers
28
Unconditioned punishers
These are events that nave biological importance
require no conditioning to be effective
Ex: pain, food, water, cold
Newborn baby rule
29
condition punishers
Stimuli that were priviously neutral and did not naturally
affect humans
Pair a punisher with stimuli
Ex: "по", repremands, threats, warnings, bad expression
30
9 steps of the research process
1.Identify the research question
2. develop a recording plan 3.train and manage observer so that they will be reliable.
4. choose a research design.
5. Collect baseline data
6. Conduct functional assessment.
7. Manipulate your independent variable.
8. conduct generalizations.
9. Conduct validity assessments
31
AB design
baseline phase (A) and treatment phase (B)
Simplest insubject research design.
32
AB design with research
Not used in research
Often used in clinical practices or self managing projects.
Cannot be replicated
Cannot establish causation
33
ABAB reversal design
Baseline treatment then treatment phase, then removed treatment, and then restore treatment
34
ABAB in research
Demonstrates a functional relationship between the target behavior and treatment.
Look for replication.
35
The carryover effect
what if doesnt return to baseline return to A goes into b instead ot returning to baseline the behavioral treatment was Sucessful
36
Multipule baseline designs
treatment in more than one baseline with treatment administered at dift times which allows replication of finding.
functional relationship
something changes from one and not the other
37
multiple baseline across subject design
more than one individual observed with same target beh
treatment is staggared overtime across subjects
38
Multiple baseline across behaviors design
treatment applied to first one behavior Then to another behavior within the same individual
apply the intervention to Just one beh ideally see that beh change while other remains the same then apply intervention to 2nd Beh only than would
2nd Beh change
39
mutiple Baseline across situations design
•Same target behavior of all the same Subject but in 2 or more settings
We only see change in the targer beh at the Second Setting when it recieves the intervention
40
alternate treatment design
deals with more than one independant variable within the same ind
Campare a baseline and a treatment or multipule treatments w a baseline
conditions change rapidly
41
Changing criterion
baselne & treatment phase but within treament phase it gets a little more complex
•criteriorion for succestul performance changes overtime usually becoming harder
42
functional relationship
reinforcement iS responsible for the target beh change
43
funcional relationship
reinforcement iS responsible for the target beh change
44
Idiographic vs nomothetic
ideographic: focus on changes
Wthin the individuals
nomothetic: focus on changes/ averages across
groups (individuals )
45
reinforcement
A behavior happens after the behavior you give an immediate positive stimulus to repeat the behavior
46
operation behavior
Behavior strengthened through the process of reinforcement controlled by its reinforcers
47
reinforcer
A consequence, which is a stimulus that strengthens the behavior
48
unconditioned reinforcement
PRIMARY Biological you don’t have to learn them they work for everyone
49
Condition reinforcers,
SECONDARYneutral stimuli, but when with paired what we learned from the environment, it’s an established reinforcer
50
Condition generalized reinforcers
reinforces that are paired with a variety of other reinforces so they carry a wide, generalized values like money, tokens or praise
51
newborn baby rule
Determining what is unconditioned because we are wired to love certain things versus what is conditioned because we are not wired to love certain things.
52
positive reinforcement
Present or add a reinforcer and the consequence is positive this results in the strengthening of a behavior
53
Negative reinforcement
A behavior occurs in the negative stimulus is then removed taking away something you don’t like
54
reactions to negative reinforcement
escape: behavior results and termination of the adverse of stimulus, and the behavior is strengthened
ex: taking medication for headaches
avoidance: the behavior results in the prevention
ex: mom is coming home clem your room fast to avoid her anger
55
Reinforcement means
More behavior in the future
56
Positive or negative just means
What happens after the behavior occurs?
57
Role governed behavior
I’m going to do some thing as long as you know you’ll get it later
58
Consistency or contingency
A clear association between the behavior and the reinforcer
59
Motivating operations
Events that change value of stimulus as reinforcer either more or less
60
Deprivation stimulus
More powerful reinforcer if a person has gone without the reinforcer for a long time
61
Establishing operation
makes reinforce stronger because it scarce
62
Establishing operation
makes reinforce stronger because it scarce
63
Satiation stimulus
A less powerful reinforcer, if a person has had a large quantity of the reinforcer recently decreasing its desirability
64
abolishing operation
Weaker because there’s a lot
65
Continuous reinforcement
how do you want to start a behaviorEach behavior is followed by the reinforcer.
66
Intermittent reinforcer
once the behavior is established, how you make it last each operant behavior is not followed by a reinforcer
67
Fixed ratio
A reinforcer is received after X number of responses and the number equal to X never changes
can cause post reinforcement pause : need the energy to do response again
Or reinforcement strain : they strained the belief they will get a positive stimulus and quit
68
variable ratio
The reinforcer is received after X number of responses on average, but the number that X is varies average is only one number
Hard because you have to calculate the average constantly
69
Fixed interval
A reinforcer is received for the first response after X amount of time has passed the internal time doesn’t change
Low rate of responses and the time when the reinforcer is not received
70
Variable interval
reinforcer is received for the first response after exceed time is passed on average
Person never knows when they’ll be checked
71
matching law
Match schedule of reinforcement it gets the best reinforcement
72
multiple schedules of reinforcement
schedules of reinforcement that exist one after the other
73
extinction
Start with a behavior that has been previously enforced start a procedure eliminating the consequences of behavior that is previously reinforced that behavior this results in a weakening of that behavior could no longer reinforce
also called reinforcement strain
Behavior must first be reinforced, but the reinforcement is moved
74
75
extinction burst
Extinction may at first increase the behavior as a subject may think more behavior is required to get reinforcement
76
Spontaneous recovery
behavior can also suddenly reappear after a head appeared to zero
If you reinforce the behavior and spontaneous recovery, it’s harder to reverse
Less likely to occur when an alternative response is reinforced
77
Excitation of positively reinforce behavior
The cat gets a pet for lying on the desk. You stopped putting the cat on the desk, so it jumps on your shoulder (extinction burst) and you DONT REINFORCE it by shrugging it off and petting it.
78
Excitation of negatively reinforce behavior
The adversive stimulus is no longer removed following the behavior
ex: the show collar loosened when the dog moves closer to the trainer previously negatively and reinforced by the choke collar. The dog will jump on you (extinction burst) The dog will then give space and come to him correctly, and the collar will be loosened.
79
extinction of negative reinforcement versus positive punishment
Extinction of negative reinforcement: the behavior you have is something that already existed something aversive you removed
positive punishment: adding a new aversive
behavior decrease in both
80
no contingent reinforcement
getting positives from doing nothing
81
resurgence
problematic behavior comes back when you are not reinforcing an alternative behavior or you stopped
82
punishment
behavior occurs, results immediately in unpleasant consequence (punisher) repetition leads to behavior less likely to occur
83
punisher
adversive consequence/ stimulus that follows bevIod that results in decrease future prob of a behavior
consequences are not punishers only when they weaken behavior
punish behavior not people
84
positive punishment
behavior occurs prior to adding stimulus
performance or behavior results immediately in punished being applied
85
negative punishment
behVios occurs prior to WITHDRAWING any stimulus/punisher
performance of behavior result immediately in a stimulus (reinforcer) being removed
86
when to use punishment
other less restrictive methods have failed
behavior can cause injury
behavior is maintained by strong reinforcers
undesirable behavior happens at such a high rate
87
side effects of punishment
pos: fast results, resistant to other treatment may respond to punishment, generalization
neg: aggression, escape or avoidance, suppressing of all responses, ethical, less effective then reinforcement
88
ABCs of operant behavior
Starts with
Antecedent: followed by our operant
Behavior: followed by our
Consequence
89
stimulus discrimination training
reinforce brb in presence of a specific antecedent called discriminative stimulus but not in presence of another antecedent called S-Delta
90
discriminative stimulus does not cause behavior
signals increase in prob
91
Concept formation
reinforce correct response relevant to feature, extinction for responses to irrelevant features, practice many examples.
ex: red green trucks with the kid
92
derived relational responding
responding to a stimulus without direct reinforcement due to relationship to other stimuli
93
untrained generalization
responding successfully to a stimulus is derived from the relationship of that stimulus to other stimuli
94
transivity
you can put it all together and yur behavior is affected
ex: snakes are dangerous woods have snakes woods are dangerous
95
transformation of stimulus function
seeing bunnies is fun woods are where bunnies go so woods are fun go into the woods more
96
respondent conditioning process 1st step
recognizing unconditioned reflex: unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits and unconditioned response (UR)
ex: pavlov gave his dog meat powder in the solicited, the unconditional response of salvation
97
respondent conditioning process 2nd step
add to the unconditioned stimulus: present a neutral stimulus that does not elicit any response from a dog. Pavlov used a bell after successfully pairing the bell, the neutral stimulus, which is the controlled and stimulus now illicit a condition response (CR)
98
conditioned emotional response
negative condition dimensional responses include fear, anxiety and anger positive ones could be love, happiness or pleasure
ex: a dog creates CR phobia
99
first order respondent conditioning
Is CS 1 predicts the conditioned response
100
Second order condition
Another neutral stimulus becomes a CS when it is paired with the first CS one that’s the CR that’s the second CS will also illicit the CR.
101
factors that influence respondent conditioning
Belongingness: nature of the CS and US
Timing: the more closely the CS is paired in time with the US and the stronger will be the respondent conditioning
102
different types of conditioning
Delay conditioning: CS is presented. The US is presented before the CS ends.
Trace conditioning: CS ends before the US is present
Simultaneous conditioning: CS in US are presented at the same time
backwards conditioning: US is presented before the CS
103
Discrimination
people learn to discriminate between different antecedent stimuli, and respond differently towards them, even when other stimuli may be similar
A single CS or only a narrow range of CS illicit CR
104
generalization
A number of CS all illicit at the same CR
ex: fear of all dogs
105
Respondent conditioning versus operant conditioning
respondent conditioning: responses elicited. antecedents controlled by us. We produce CS=CR. Two stimuli
operant conditioning: The response is emitted. Consequence is controlled by us. Sd= R=SR. Consequences
106
respondent extinction
people want to get rid of respondent conditioning that occurred
Present the CS repeatedly without the US.
107
Respondent conditioning and behavior modification
relaxation training, treatment for fears, anger, management, aversion, therapy, bed wetting
108
Self management problems
Conflict between short-term contingencies and long-term consequences
109
Self management program
analyze, target behavior and relevant alternative behaviors
Target behavior = controlled behavior respondent
Controlling behavior=IV
Controlled behavior in future= DP
110
controlling behaviors and self management strategies
Goal setting
Antecedent manipulation
social support
Self monitoring
Behavioral contracting
Self instruction
Self praise
111
Trans. Theoretical model. stages
Precontemplation: minimal consideration of change
contemplation: some thought of a problem existing no commitment
Preparation a more concrete commitment to change
Action: pursuit of a change to behavior
Maintenance: activities to sustain change
112
how to enhance motivation to
Realistic expectations
written in verbal agreements
invest time or money into a change program = law of sunken costs
Social support
113
once motivated
Decide target behavior
Set goal
Develop self monitor
Summarize base
Functional assessment
To little or too much behavior ?
create plans for intervention and plans for behavior to change
Evaluate change
Consider barriers
Maintenance strategies
