EXAM 2 Flashcards by Haley Parker

What year was the framingham heart study?

1948

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T/F: the participants in the Framingham heart Study are compensated.

False

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When it launched in 1948 the original goal of the Framingham Heart Study was to…

identify common factors or characteristics that contribute to cardiovascular disease

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T/F: the Framingham heart study found high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol to be major risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

True

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How many generations have been included in the Framingham Heart Study Data?

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The proper management of solid waste and sewage would be considered…

Environmental Control

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Physical barriers, such as the skin, mucous membranes, cilia (hair like structures), and tears which prevent pathogens from entering the body are examples of…

Innate Immunity

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A lab test that measures the concentration of specific antibodies in a persons blood is…

Antibody titer

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What is the only infectious disease that has been successfully eradicated?

Smallpox

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An example of a passive natural acquired immunity would be…

Breastfeeding

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A key factor in determining how effective a vaccine will be at preventing the spread of disease is…

vaccine utilization

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T/F: It is far more likely to have serious symptoms from the vaccine that aims to prevent a disease than a serious adverse reaction from the disease itself.

False

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Today, in 2025, most people get the polio vaccine…

in the first 18 months of life

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The estimated herd immunity threshold increases if the basic reproduction number…

increases

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In a small town with a population of 10,000, a study was conducted to measure the prevalence of diabetes. The study found that there were 500 existing cases of diabetes in the town. What measure of morbidity is represented by the number of existing cases of diabetes to the total population in this town?

Proportion

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T/F: Disease eradication is the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts.

True

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T/F: Disease eradication does not require the permanent worldwide reduction of disease incidence to zero but rather reducing incidence to zero in a particular geographic area.

False

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T/F: Even if diseases are eliminated in human populations, their presence in non-human reservoirs or vectors allows for reinfection and further spread.

True

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We use prevalence rates, or the TOTAL number of cases or instance of a disease (or other health related condition) to do all of the following…

reflect the burden of the disease on society
estimate the need for health care services, prevention activities, etc. for different groups or locations
help allocate funding and resources

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T/F: Rates for “emerging” chronic diseases usually decrease as more attention is given to it in the press, the scientific literature, and by clinicians.

False

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If we are counting cases of individuals in college class at PSU with a disease over the course of an academic semester, for example, 15 out of 89 students in the BBH 440 Fall 2024 class had COVID, we are referring to the…

period prevalence

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40 of 50 picnic attendees who ate the potato salad got sick. 5 of 50 who ate the bean salad got sick. The evidence suggests that the potato salad was contaminated. This conclusion is based on…

The attack rate

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Chicken pox (Varicella) is a highly contagious viral disease that will infect an average of 85% of susceptible individuals (i.e. those who have not had chicken pox before and those who have not been vaccinated). This is known as the…

secondary attack rate

If incidence is decreasing, it provides evidence…

of effectiveness of primary prevention

T/F: Rates for "emerging" chronic diseases sometimes decrease as more attention is given to it in the press, the scientific literature, and by clinicians.

False

If you want to know what the death rates in Florida and Alaska would be if they had identical age distributions, you would use...

age-adjusted mortality rates

A measure of how quickly the health outcome is occurring in a population is...

incidence-density rates

Since 2020, life expectancy has...

increased

Why use adjusted mortality rates?

- necessary to allow comparisons across populations that differ on attributes that affect mortality - for comparison across time - for geographical comparisons (e.g., USA vs. Africa)

How does epidemiology inform primary prevention?

Epidemiology provides activities that limit risk exposure or increase the immunity of individuals at risk to prevent a disease from progressing in a susceptible individual to subclinical disease.

In the research question "What is the impact of alcohol consumption on class attendance among PSU BBH and HPA students?", the outcome variable (or dependent variable) is...

Class attendance

T/F: A case is an individual with the health-related state, and a control is an individual without the health-related state.

True

If you were told that the incidence of heart disease (CHD) among a high cholesterol group of men age 30-56 was 66/1100 = 60 per 1000 or 6%, you would know that we are talking about...

absolute risk

An odds ratio is used when

the incidence is not known

The significance of an odds ratio or relative risk can be determined by the

p-value or confidence interval

This compares the risk of an event occuring in one group (e.g. exposed group) to the risk of that event occurring in another group (e.g. unexposed group).

relative risk

If the reltive risk is below 1.0, the exposure is linked to a decrease in the likelihood of the outcome. This can also be interpreted as...

a protective effect

An epidemiologist calculated a relative risk (RR) of 3.2 with a confidence interval of 2.6 - 4.5, it would often be written like this: RR = 3.2 (2.6 - 4.5). This relative risk is

statistically significant

Screening is typically a form of...

secondary prevention

T/F: Screening tests are usually NOT diagnostic tests.

True

After a chemical spill, a number of workers spend various amounts of time working at the spill site to clean up. A researcher keeps track of the number of hours they spend working there, then after 6 months makes this calculation: total number of new cases of respiratory illness in the works / total number of hours spent working at the site (for all workers) This resultant rate would be know as a...

incidence-density rate

In 2020, there were 6.9 new cases of diabetes per every 1,000 people in the United States. This is an example of a/an:

incidence rate

The number of new cases per year of a chronic disease has not changed, but an increase in the severity of cases has led to significant increases in the number of deaths due to the disease. These changes will likely cause the prevalence rate to:

decrease

The population of State College is 41,757 and the number of automobiles registered to members of the population is 30,016. There are thus 30,016 cars to 41,757 people or 0.72 cars per person. This comparison is a:

ratio

If the standardized mortality ratio is greater than 1, it suggests:

the morality observed in the study population is higher than expected

A researcher is using the indirect method of age adjustment. She has identified a reference population. What is her next step?

apply age-specific mortality rates from the reference population to the study population

In the direct method of age adjustment, a researcher has applied age-specific rates from both study population A and study population B to the reference population. What is his next step?

find the total number of expected cases for study population A and divide that number by the total number of people in the reference population

In the United States in 2020, there were approximately 9 deaths per every 1000 people. Based on this information alone, this is an example of a/an:

crude mortality rate

A researcher is using the direct method of age adjustment, and she has selected a reference population to use. What is her next step?

apply age-specific rates from study population A to the reference population

An individual at Penn State is infected with COVID-19. She lives in a house with 6 other people, and 2 of them contract COVID-19 as well. Thus, 33% is the:

secondary attack rate

Researchers conduct an experiment examining the relationship between high levels of alcohol consumption and liver cancer, and obtain an odds ratio (with 95% CI) of 3.77 (2.22 - 5.61). Which of the following p-values would likely be associated with this statistic?

0.003

What percent change is indicated by an odds ratio of .92?

8% decrease

A cohort study examines the relationship between daily caffeine consumption and high-normal blood pressure. It finds that daily caffeine consumption is associated with a statistically significant relative risk of high-normal blood pressure of 3.5. How would this statistic be interpreted?

Individuals who consumed caffeine daily were 3.5 times more likely to develop high-normal blood pressure than those who did not consume caffeine daily

What percent change is indicated by a relative risk of 1.95?

95% increase

Which of the following relative risks would be considered statistically significant?

0.32 (0.12 - 0.67)

In an experiment it is found that the odds ratio for a particular exposure and a disease is .48, and it is statistically significant. This suggests that:

the exposure is associated with a decreased probability of having the disease

Which of the following odds ratios would be considered statistically significant?

3.8 (3.1 - 4.1)