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BBH 440 | Epidemiology > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations, and the application of this study to prevent and control health problems.
Answers who, what, when, and where helps find effective education, screening, prevention, and control programs.

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2
Q

What does descriptive epidemiology focus on?

A

Mapping and trends.

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3
Q

What does analytic epidemiology involve?

A

Identifying and quantifying associations, testing hypotheses, and identifying causes of health-related states or events.

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4
Q

What is infectious disease epidemiology concerned with?

A
  • Infectious disease epidemics (e.g., HIV/AIDs, measles, COVID)
  • Food poisonings
  • Immunizations
  • Prevention
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5
Q

What does chronic disease epidemiology study?

A

Causal factors for diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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6
Q

What activities do epidemiologists typically engage in?

A
  • Identifying risk factors for disease, injury, and death
  • identifying where the public health problem is greatest
  • Monitoring disease over time
  • Evaluating prevention effectiveness
  • Providing useful information in health programs and decision making
  • Assisting in public health programs
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7
Q

Cliff Analogy

A

shows the impact of social conditions on health - including racism, poverty, and other inequities. Calls for communities and health professionals to take action on those social conditions, in order to eliminate health disparities.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the CDC?

A

To conduct continuous surveillance of health-related events, including influenza, and manage outbreak control in the United States.
- founded during WW2
- started in order to control malaria
- in atlanta, georgia

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9
Q

What is the WHO’s role in epidemiology?

A

To conduct worldwide surveillance of health-related events and manage prevention and outbreak control.
- established in 1948
- headquarters in geneva, switzerland

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10
Q

Endemic

A

When a disease occurs at a consistent baseline level
ex: malaria in many parts of Africa

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11
Q

Epidemic

A

The occurrence of illnesses or health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy in a community or region

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12
Q

common source epidemic

A

Epidemics arising from a particular source that tend to result in rapid cases.

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13
Q

point source (source contamination is fixed)

A

single exposure point, rapid onset of cases, and short incubation period, one incubation cycle

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14
Q

intermittent (source contamination varies over time)

A

exposure is not continuous, and multiple peaks on the epidemic curve

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15
Q

continuous (source contamination is continuous)

A

prolonged exposure and gradual rise in cases, where identifying the source is crucial, multiple incubation periods

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16
Q

propagated epidemic

A

An epidemic arising from infectious transmission between infected individuals.
- rise and fall more slowly than common source
- ex: flu, measles, TB, covid

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17
Q

mixed epidemic

A

A common source epidemic followed by a propagated outbreak.
- ex: shigellosis

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18
Q

unspecified

A

these epidemics are the result of complex interactions between genetics, individual behaviors, and societal, cultural, structural influences and it is under the review of epidemiologists monitoring

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19
Q

Syndemic

A

The synergistic interaction between multiple epidemics impacting a population’s health.

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20
Q

Pandemic

A

An outbreak of a disease of exceptional proportions affecting multiple countries or continents.
- may result from the emergence of a new strain of virus

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21
Q

Cholera

A
  • Bacterial infection (V. Cholerae)
  • Treated with rehydration and antibiotics.
  • caused by diarrhea and vomitting leading to dehydration
  • 21,000 - 143,000 deaths per year
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22
Q

John Snow

A

Father of Epidemiology
- conducted epidemiological studies on cholera
- showed that it was a waterborne disease; identified incubation tine
- Robert koch verified this by isolating the bacterium in the 80s

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23
Q

What are the three types of influenza viruses?

A
  • Type A
  • Type B
  • Type C
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24
Q

Type A Influenza

A

distinguished by antigenic properties of HA and NA

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25
Types of HA in type A influenza
H1, H2, H3
26
Types of NA in type A influenza
N1 - swine flu N2 - avian flu
27
Antigenic drift?
A gradual change in influenza viruses over time.
28
Antigenic shift
An abrupt change in surface antigen proteins creating a new subtype of the virus.
29
Birds
primary reservoir for influenza viruses
30
Spanish Flu
- 500 million cases worldwide - 1918 pandemic mortality curve W most pandemics are flu pandemics
31
Human transmission
swine have receptors for both mammalian and avian influenza viruses - co infection can lead to the development of new strains
32
Epizootic
an outbreak (epidemic) of disease in an animal population (may affect human popualtions)
33
primary case
first case of disease in a population
34
index case
first case to be identified by epidemiologists or the medical community
35
secondary cases
resulting cases
36
suspect (probable) case
individual appears to be sick but has not been diagnosed yet
37
incubation period
the time period between the invasion of the infectious agent and the first appearance of a symptom or sign of the disease
38
induction period
time required for a causal period to produce a disease
39
epidemic curves
illustrate the rate of the condition over time, across parts of the country, or by other sociodemographic factors such as age or gender
40
pattern of spread
continuous common source - right skewed intermittent common source - groups with gaps common point source - one peak
41
magnitude
number of cases, how many people this outbreak is affecting
42
time trend
time or duration of the epidemic
43
probable date of exposure
date which the largest number of cases were identified
44
probable period of exposure
range of incubation period; count back 15 days from the first case and 50 days from the last case
45
opioid epidemic
epidemics that are not due to an infectious origin but rather those that are the results of chemical, physical, biological agent, that can have wide ranging effects on individual health states, behaviors, and even societal pressures
46
opioid wave 1
rise in prescription opiod overdose deaths starting in the 90s and remaining stable
47
opioid wave 2
rise in heroin overdose deaths in 2010 and has remained stable
48
opioid wave 3
rise in synthetic opioid overdose deaths starting in 2013 and continues to be the prominent cause for drug overdose deaths
49
modifiable risk factors
divided into individual, social, and structural domains
50
vital statistics
notion of keeping track of what individuals and populations were getting sick with or dying
51
smallpox
eradicated in 1980 maculopapualr rasl and then blisters
52
What are the stages in the natural history of infectious disease?
* Inoculation point * Incubation point * Prodromal point * Fastigium period * Defervescence period * Convalescent period * Defection period
53
inoculation point
when individual is exposed to and infected by virus, virus starts to replicate in ones body until the point that symptoms appear
54
incubation period
period of time from infection to first symptoms
55
prodromal point
first symptoms
56
prodromal period
increasing symptoms / illness
57
differential point
most easily diagnosed by a doctor
58
fastigium point
symptoms are worst
59
defervescence period
symptoms are declining
60
convalescent period
feeling better and moving around again
61
defection period
fully recovered and the pathogen is either killed off or in remission
62
What are the stages in the natural history of chronic disease?
* State of susceptibility * Pre-symptomatic stage * Clinical disease stage * Recovery, disability, or death stage
63
state of susceptibility
individual is not sick, stage during which risk factors like poor diet and lack of sleep would be making the occurrence of disease more likely
64
stage of presymptomatic disease
a disease process has begun but the individual is not aware of it yet
65
stage of clinical disease
onset of symptoms
66
stage of recovery, disability, or death
the end of stage of the disease and the name speaks for itself
67
Primary prevention
Vaccination or population-level interventions to prevent disease.
68
Secondary prevention
Early detection and isolation of cases through screening.
69
Tertiary prevention
Medical care received after diagnosis during the symptomatic period.
70
natural history of disease
a powerful framework for understanding a wide range of diseases as well as prevention efforts
71
Carrier
An individual that harbors a pathogen and can spread it to others.
72
What is a passive carrier?
An individual who harbors a pathogen without showing symptoms.
73
What components are part of the chain of infection?
* Reservoir * Portal of exit * Portal of entry * Susceptible host
74
What is direct transmission of disease?
Physical contact between an infected host and a susceptible host.
75
What is indirect transmission of disease?
Transmission through an intermediary substance or object.
76
infectious agent
bacteria, virus, etc.
77
reservoir
humans, animals, food, feces, water
78
portal of exit
respiratory tract, bodily fluids, etc.
79
means of transmission
direct / indirect contact, injection, ingestion, etc.
80
portal of entry
mucous membranes, wounds, etc.
81
susceptible host
newborns, elderly, immunosuppressed, diabetics, etc.
82
direct disease transmission
physical contact between an infected host or a pathogen and a susceptible host
83
indirect disease transmission
intermediary between the infected host or pathogen and a susceptible host

BBH 440 | Epidemiology (2 decks)

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