Exam 2 Flashcards
Identify the 6 nutrients required to support life.
- Water
- Fats
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
What is the definition of an animal at ‘maintenance’?
When it is consuming the minimum amount of nutrients to maintain body function without gaining or losing weight or changing body composition.
What 3 basic functions do nutrients perform?
- Structural
- Energy
- Regulatory
What are the water requirements for dairy cows?
28-48 gallons per day.
What factors affect water requirements?
- Dry matter consumption
- Salt in diet
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Amount of water and protein in feed
- Exercise/work level
What is the primary source of energy for livestock?
Carbohydrates.
How do fats and carbohydrates differ?
Fats have 2.5x more energy than carbs and fat has more C and H in relation to O.
What is the difference between macrominerals and microminerals?
Macrominerals are needed in large quantities, while microminerals are needed in small quantities.
Name several macrominerals.
- Calcium (Ca)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Potassium (K)
- Sodium (Na)
- Sulfur (S)
- Chloride (Cl)
- Magnesium (Mg)
Name several microminerals.
- Iron (Fe)
- Iodine (I)
- Copper (Cu)
- Cobalt (Co)
- Fluorine (F)
- Manganese (Mn)
- Zinc (Zn)
- Molybdenum (Mo)
- Selenium (Se)
Identify fat soluble vitamins.
- Vitamins A
- D
- E
- K
Identify water-soluble vitamins.
- B vitamins
- Vitamin C
What are roughages?
- Pasture
- Hay
- Silage
- Haylage
- Corn stover
What are concentrates?
- Oats
- Corn
- Soybean/Soybean meal
- Barley
What is the protein content of corn?
9.1%.
What is the protein content of oats?
11.8%.
What is the protein content of soybean?
44.5%.
Explain the difference between ruminants and monogastrics.
Ruminants have a stomach divided into 4 compartments; monogastrics have a simple stomach.
Give an example of ruminants.
- Cows
- Sheep
- Camels
- Goats
- Deer
- Elk
Give an example of monogastrics.
- Swine
- Horses
- Dogs
- Cats
What are the 4 main categories of animals classified as Equine?
- Horses
- Ponies
- Mules/Donkeys
- Miniature horses
What is the general definition of a pony?
Under 56-58 inches at the withers at maturity.
How many horses are there approximately in Michigan?
Approx. 183,500 horses.
What is the annual economic impact of the horse industry in Michigan?
$1.069 billion annually.
Define a mare.
Female horse over 3 years of age.
Define a filly.
Female horse under 3 years of age.
Define a stallion.
Intact male horse over 3 years of age.
Define a colt.
Intact male horse under 3 years of age.
Define a foal.
Horse under 1 year of age of either gender.
Define a weanling.
Horse of either gender weaned from Dam, typically between 4-11 months.
Define a yearling.
Horse of either gender, between 12-24 months of age.
Define a gelding.
Castrated male horse.
What is a hand?
Unit of measurement for horse height (1 hand = 4 inches).
What is the normal gestation length for a horse?
340 days.
What is the standard date of a horse’s ‘birthday’?
January 1st.
What is colostrum?
First milk, very important for foals.
What term describes difficult births in horses?
Dystocias.
What is the definition of ‘estrous’?
The full cycle (proestrus, estrus, diestrus); 40-43 days.
What is the definition of ‘estrus’?
‘Heat’, 5-6 days.
What are the vital signs of a normal horse?
- Temperature: 99-101 F
- Heart rate: 28-44 bpm
- Respiration rate: 8-16 breaths per minute
What is colic?
General term for abdominal pain, number one killer of horses.
Define a buck in the goat industry.
A dairy male goat that is sexually mature and capable of breeding.
Define a doe in the goat industry.
A dairy female goat.
Why are goats more efficient for meat production than cattle?
- Early puberty
- 5 month gestation
- Usually give birth to twins and triplets
- Potential to wean more than 100% of their body weight
Provide examples of dairy goat breeds.
- Alpine
- Oberhasli
- Saanen
- Toggenberg
- Nubian
What is a ram?
Intact male sheep.
What is a wether?
Castrated male sheep.
What is a ewe?
Female sheep.
What is a lamb?
Not cut first pair of permanent incisors teeth.
Identify the countries that lead the world in sheep production.
- China
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Turkey
- Algeria
- Iran
- United Kingdom
- Russia
- Uzbekistan
What products constitute red meat?
- Beef
- Pork
- Lamb
- Mutton
- Goat
- Venison
What are the top 4 states in red meat production?
- Iowa
- Nebraska
- Kansas
- Texas
What is the role of the USDA in the meat industry?
Verify humane methods of slaughter act is being followed in federally inspected facilities.
What is the difference between inspection and grading in the meat industry?
Grading is quality; inspecting is humaneness.
What traits are assessed on a beef carcass when grading?
- Maturity
- Marbling
- Fat thickness
- Ribeye area
- Hot carcass weight
- Kidney, pelvic, and heart fat percentage (KPH)
What is dressing percentage?
Ratio of dressed carcass weight divided by live animal weight.
What is heritability?
The proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetics.
What does EBV stand for?
Estimated Breeding Value.
What is the formula for calculating EBV?
EBV = h2 ( Pi - 𝝁 )
Define the term heritability.
The proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetics.
Define the term EBV.
Estimate of an animal’s genetic merit for a particular trait that is passed on to the next generation.
How is EBV used in genetic selection of livestock?
It helps in selecting animals based on their estimated genetic merit.
Calculate EBV using the formula EBV = h2 ( Pi - 𝝁 ). What do each of the terms represent?
- h2 = heritability of trait
- Pi = individuals’ performance
- 𝝁 = mean performance
Identify future uses of genetics as described in lecture.
- CRISPR - Gene Editing
- Artificial intelligence and deep learning techniques
- Pangenomes
- Precision agriculture
- Epigenomics
What is a genome?
An organism’s complete set of genetic instructions, encompassing all the DNA necessary for an organism to develop, grow, and function.
Explain the basic model of genetics.
P = G + E + e
What does P represent in the basic model of genetics?
Observed phenotype.
What does G represent in the basic model of genetics?
Genetic Effect.
What does E represent in the basic model of genetics?
Environmental Effect.
What does e represent in the basic model of genetics?
Residual Effect.
What is a Doeling?
a young, unbred female milk goat, specifically a female goat kid under a year old
Whats a Billy?
Male meat goat
What is a nanny?
Female meat goat
