Exam 2

Question 1

What controls the nervous system?

Answer 1

nervous system

Question 2

endocrine glands

Answer 2

ductless glands secrete hormones directly to bloodstream

Question 3

exocrine glands

Answer 3

glands secrete in ducts to outside bloodstream

Question 4

functions of endocrine?

Answer 4

water balance
uterine contraction
growth, metabolism, milk secretion
ion regulation
heart rate and blood pressure
blood glucose control
immune system regulation
reproductive function

Question 5

neuroendocrine

Answer 5

main control center is hypothalamus (master switchboard)

Question 6

cell signaling

Answer 6

chemical from somewhere has to bind to outside cell

Question 7

what does a hormone bind to

Answer 7

receptors

Question 8

are hormones inorganic or organic

Answer 8

organic

Question 9

second messenger system

Answer 9

hormone > G protein > adenylate cyclase

Question 10

what does G protein activate

Answer 10

protein

Question 11

PDE

Answer 11

phosphodieterase

Question 12

PDE inhibitor

Answer 12

cAMP keeps neurons alert
PDE lessons cAMP

Question 13

pulmonary hypertension

Answer 13

blood can’t absorb oxygen
viagra helps dilate blood vessels

Question 14

hyperhormonal

Answer 14

diabetes mellitus

Question 15

positive feedback control

Answer 15

oxytocin causes more hormone to be released

Question 16

negative feedback control

Answer 16

decrease/increase in blood level is reversed

Question 17

what prevents overactivity

Answer 17

negative feedback control

Question 18

what are the mechanisms of hormone release

Answer 18

1. humoral
2. neural
3. hormonal

Question 19

humoral hormone release

Answer 19

autoregulation: parathyroid hormone

Question 20

neural hormone release

Answer 20

nervous system controls glands with epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 21

hormonal hormone release

Answer 21

hormones control other glands: pituitary gland releases hormones to stimulate thyriod, adrenal, gonad

Question 22

down-regulation

Answer 22

if there is a large amount of the hormone present, the target cell will decrease its number of cellular receptors

Question 23

up-regulation

Answer 23

if there is a small a quantity of the hormone present, then the target cell will increase its number of receptors in order to take advantage of what little hormone is present

Question 24

circulating hormones

Answer 24

hormones that travel in the blood either dissolved in the plasma or bound to proteins in the blood

Question 25

steroids

Answer 25

synthesized from cholesterol and travel in the blood bound to specific plasma proteins. hormones of ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex

Question 26

thyroid hormones

Answer 26

amino acid derivatives (small molecules which are similar to amino acids) derived from the amino acid tyrosine

Question 27

biogenic amines

Answer 27

simplest structurally they are called amines because they retain an amino group includes: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Question 28

what is derived from tryptophan

Answer 28

serotonin and melatonin

Question 29

what is derived from tyrosine

Answer 29

catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

Question 30

what are the lipid-soluble hormones

Answer 30

steroids, thyroid hormones,

Question 31

what are the water soluble hormones

Answer 31

biogenic amines, proteins and peptides, eicosanoids

Question 32

proteins and peptides

Answer 32

can be simple to very complex structurally some have carbohydrate groups attached to them and are known as glycoprotein hormones includes hormones of: anterior pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid,

Question 33

eicosanoids

Answer 33

includes prostaglandins and leukotrienes local hormones affect tissues with inflammation, pain, fever aspirin and ibuprpofen are PG production inhibitors

Question 34

first messenger hormone

Answer 34

brings specific message to target cell to tell it what to do in order to return body to homeostasis

Question 35

second messenger system

Answer 35

cyclic AMP (cAMP) formed when ATP catalyzed by an enzyme known as adenylate cyclase also calcium ions, cyclic guanosine monphosphate (cGMP)

Question 37

what are the layers of blood vessels

Answer 37

tunica externa tunica media - smooth muscle, external elastic lamina tunica interna - endothelium, basement membrane, internal elastic lamina

Question 38

types of capillaries

Answer 38

sinusoids, fenestrated, continuous,

Question 39

sinusoids

Answer 39

liver, bone marrow, spleen, incomplete basement membrane

Question 40

fenestrated

Answer 40

kidney, small intestine, endocrine

Question 41

continuous

Answer 41

muscle and lungs

Question 42

sterlings law of the capillaries

Answer 42

volume reabsorbed = volume filtered the pores within capillaries let nutrients exit/enter

Question 43

venous return

Answer 43

the volume of blood returned to heart in one minute venus return increase = cardiac output increase

Question 44

what is the force of gravity

Answer 44

9.8 meters per second squared

Question 45

assistive venous return

Answer 45

one-way valves, skeletal muscle contraction respiratory pump

Question 46

what is cardiac output controlled by

Answer 46

venous return

Question 47

venous return: respiratory pump

Answer 47

changes in atmospheric pressure pulls blood into thoracic cavity