Chapter 16: Autonomic NS Flashcards
1
Q
What is the autonomic nervous system?
A
its the system that adjusts our basic life support services without our conscious control; it makes routine homeostatic adjustments
2
Q
central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
nerves (extensions of brain and spinal cord)
4
Q
where does a somatic nervous go?
A
to the skeletal muscle
5
Q
where do autonomic nerves go?
A
to organs, vessels, glands
6
Q
sympathetic divisions
A
fight or flight; during activity
7
Q
parasympathetic divisons
A
rest and digest; fight or flight
8
Q
what is sensory (afferent) divisions
A
somatic and visceral sensory nerve fiber; conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
9
Q
motor (efferent) division
A
motor nerve fibers; conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
10
Q
inhibitary effects
A
chemical causes metabolic activity to decrease; use of less ATP
11
Q
dual innervation
A
autonomic; receives impulses from parasympathetic and sympathetic;
12
Q
what does preganglionic neuron release?
A
Acetylcholine
13
Q
What does postganglionic neuron release?
A
norepinephrine or ACh
14
Q
where does sympathetic originate?
A
spinal cord
15
Q
where does parasympathetic originate?
A
brain and spinal cord
16
Q
How many neurons synapse in the autonomic nervous system?
A
2 motor neuron circuits
17
Q
what are the 5 special senses?
A
olfaction, gustation, hearing, equilibrium, vision
18
Q
how many neurons synapse in the somatic nervous system?
A
1 motor neuron circuit; lower motor neuron
19
Q
which is involuntary/voluntary (autonomic or somatic)?
A
autonomic - involuntary
somatic - voluntary
20
Q
What is the pathway of the autonomic nervous system compared to the somatic?
A
starts in the preganglionic neuron; it terminates in the autonomic ganglion; and ends in the postganglionic neuron
21
Q
How many synapses are in the somatic/autonomic?
A
somatic - 1
autonomic - 2
22
Q
what always goes with a synapse?
A
a neuro transmitter (Ach/NE)
23
Q
what are receptors?
A
responses to a stimulus
24
Q
what is a modality
A
type of stimulus that a receptor is able to detect
25
what is a chemoreceptor
chemicals; smell, taste
26
what is a mechanoreceptor
pressure, movement; touch, hearing, blood pressure
27
what is photoreceptor
light; vision
28
what is electroreceptor
electrical field
29
what is magnetoreceptor
magnetic field
30
what is thermoreceptor
temperature
31
what is nociceptor
pain
32
sensory transduction
converts stimulus to electrical impulses
33
homeostasis of modality
control center (brain) > output to organ > effector (glands, muscle, adipose ct) > response to change >homeostasis > change detected (communcation) > receptor > action potential
34
what is a labelled line
link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron
35
what is a tract and what informations is ascending/ descending
myelinated axons in CNS; sensory- ascending, motor- descending
36
what are the components of a sensation?
stimulus, transduction, conduction, translation
37
what is the stimulus components of a sensation?
change of energy levels within the environment
38
what is the transduction component of sensation?
process where stimulus causes receptor to convert stimulus to electrical impulse
39
what is the conduction component of a sensation
carried out by sensory neurons; saltatory (myelinated), continuous (unmyelinated)
40
what is the translation component of a sensation
impulse translates into sensation
41
sensation
stimulus detected by brain; generally subconscious
42
perception
the way we interpret these sensations; registration of stimulus at conscious levels
43
subclinical
when a condition is there but you aren't aware of it
44
which sense is the most sensitive?
olfactory
45
what modality is olfactory?
chemoreceptor
46
what is the olfactory pathway?
receptor > olfactory nerve (I) > olfactory tract > thalamus > temporal lobe > olfactory cortex
47
what are the olfactory primary smell sensations?
camphoraceous, musky, floral, pepperminty, ethereal, pungent, putrid
48
what modality is sense of taste?
chemoreceptor; taste buds detect chemicals
49
what is the gustatory pathway?
tastebuds > facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) > medulla (solitary muscles) > pons (midbrain) > thalamus (sensory receiving) > cortex of parietal lobe
50
what are the 5 primary tastes?
salty: chemical salts; NaCl
sour: acids that contain a free hydrogen ion; H+
sweet: glucose
bitter: alkaloids, plant derivatives
umami: meaty or savory/pleasant; combo of amino acids
51
what are the accessory structures of eye
eyebrow, eyelash, exocrine gland, extrinsic eye muscles
52
eyelid functions
controlled by muscles, reflexes - orbicularis oculi
maintain corneal surface of eye tear film
protection from external environment
regulates amount of light
53
conjunctiva function
mucous membrane; thin, translucent
54
lacrimal gland
produce tears; exocrine gland
controlled by parasympathetic
helps form tear film: contains enzyme, corneal nutrition, flush away debris, maintain cornea
55
lateral rectus eye muscle
move laterally (VI)
56
medial rectus
move medially (III)
57
superior rectus
elevate and turn medially (III)
58
inferior rectus
depress eye and turn medially (III)
59
inferior oblique
elevate and turn laterally (III)
60
superior oblique
depress eye and turn laterally (IV)
61
what is apart of the fibrous tunic
made of fibrous ct; cornea, sclera
62
what is apart of the vascular tunic
made of blood vessels; iris, pupil, choroid, ciliary body
63
what is apart of the nervous tunic
made of special neurons; retina, optic disc
64
cornea
majority of eye focusing, curvature helps w/ filter
65
sclera
hard, horny tissue; continuous with cornea; protection and shape to eye; muscle attachment
66
choroid
blood vessels; turns into ciliary body
67
iris
colored part of eye that hovers in front of lens; controls size of pupil
68
retina
optic disc is where the retina and optic nerve come together
69
anterior epithelium of cornea
non-keratinized stratified squamous; barrier and optical function - tear film
70
bowmans membrane of cornea
condensed stroma - structural
71
stroma of cornea
ct layer, type 1 collagen, keratocytes (fibroblasts), anterior compact, posterior spongy
and then descemets membrane
72
endothelium of cornea
actively pumps water and ions from stroma to produce corneal dehydration and transparency; if damaged, cells don't regenerate/corneal decomposition occurs where cornea becomes white/cloudy
73
anterior cavity of eye
contains aqueous humor; fills space anterior to lens to create pressure (intraoccular pressure) to keep retina attached
74
glaucoma
blockage to aqueous humor flow; increase of pressure
75
what is in the nervous tunic?
photoreceptors: rods and cones
76
what are the 3 types of cone cells?
red(L), green(M), blue(S)
77
what are the pigments in the eye called?
photopsins
78
where are the cones located?
clustered in central fovea; amount of rods increase away from central fovea
79
rods in the eye
more sensitive to light; there are more rods then cones in retina
80
what is the chemical sensitive to light?
rodopsins
81
what are the processes of retinal image formation
takes place all at the same time: refraction, accommodation, pupil construction/dilation, convergence
82
what is the visual pathway?
retina > optic nerve > chiasma > optic tracts > thalamus > impulses to occipital lobe (visual cortex)
83
refraction process of image formation
bending of light rays; bend light=focus light
84
what are the 4 refractive medias in the eye
cornea - chief refractive element, aqueous humor - liquid to change direction, lens o only able to adjust, vitreous fluid/body- acts as shock absorber
85
what is a normal eye called
emmetropic
86
myopic eye
nearsighted; never reaches retina
87
astigmatism
distortions, unequal refraction
88
hypermetropic
farsighted
89
accommodation process of image formation
mechanism in focusing object near/far (focal length)
with age the lens will lose ability to change (presbyopia)
flat shaped - far away objects
round shaped - close objects
90
pupil contriction/dilationprocess of image formation
pupil constricts with more light and pupil dilates with less light
91
convergence process of image formation
ability of eyes to focus on the same object (binocular vision) allows us to tell distances
92
equilibrium
the ability to monitor gravity, linear acceleration, and rotation
93
hearing
detect and interpret sound waves
94
what is apart of the external ear
auricle (pinna), external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane (eardrum)
95
what is apart of the middle ear
auditory tube, ossicles, muscles
96
what is apart of the internal ear
cochlea, vestibular apparatus, vestibule, semicircular canals, cranial nerve III
97
auditory tube
eustachian tube; extension from middle ear to pharynx to equalize pressure; protects middle ear from secretion and ventilation and drainage of middle ear
98
auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes - vibrating bones that conduct vibrations and enables vibrations of cochlear fluids
99
muscles of middle ear
stapedius - skeletal muscle; dampen shock of vibrations of protect from nerve damage; contracts just before eating and speaking
100
cochlea
where hearing occurs
101
vestibular apparatus
where balance occurs
102
vestibule
equilibrium and balance
103
semicircular canals
equilibrium and balance
104
what is the hearing pathway
receptors in organ of corti > through cranial nerve III > brainstem > thalamus > temporal lobe
105
specifics of hearing
soundwaves cause vibrations that go to the tympanic membrane > ossicles >cochlea (contains receptors)
106
vestibular canal
stapes vibrates into canal
107
cochlear duct
organ of corti contains receptors to convert soundwaves to impulses; contains hair cells: dilia vibrating inro tectorial membrane - discharges nerve impulse
108
what is the hearing organ
organ of corti
109
perilymph
in tympanic canal and vestibular canal; fluids are good at conducting sound waves
110
basilar membrane
roof of tympanic/floor of cochlear duct; wave from under membrane pushes organ of corti upward
111
vestibular apparatus
allows for maintanence of positive and balance
112
static equilibrium
maintained by vestibule
113
dynamic equilibrium
monitered by semicircular canals
