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CSD 401 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Protection: meninges:

A

3 layered membrane surrounds the brain. Dura mater: most outer layer. Arachnoid mater: middle layer. Pia Mater: inner layer.

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2
Q

Spaces of the meninges: where there are layers, there are spaces.

A

Actual space: sub-arachnoid space (maybe a hemorrhage)
Potential space: can push something into if you had to, not supposed to be there. Epidural space (above dura) (maybe a cyst or abscess) Subdural space (below dura) (maybe a hematoma-blood filled bruise)

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3
Q

Protection: BBB:

A

Homeostasis for the brain (balances neurotransmitters and hormones, lets small oxygen in, transports glucose in). Protects against foreign invaders (keeps large molecules like infection, toxins out)

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4
Q

You want to pass through BBB:

A

oxygen, sugar, white blood cells, ibuprofen, mental health meds

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5
Q

You do not want to pass through BBB:

A

Infection, inflammation (meningitis). Hypertension (high blood pressure) headaches damage. Radiation. Trauma to head or vessels. Developmental problems with BBB (in children).

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6
Q

Nourishment: Cerebral arteries:

A

Brain consumes 20% of the body’s oxygen. Blood enters the brain through internal carotid arteries (anterior) and vertebral arteries (posterior). Circle of Willis feeds the brain oxygenated blood through Anterior cerebral arteries, middle cerebral arteries, and posterior cerebral arteries.

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7
Q

Frontal:
Parietal:
Occipital:
Temporal:

A

ACA, MCA
ACA, MCA, PCA
PCA
MCA, PCA

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8
Q

Waste Removal: Venous system (In Dura Mater):

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood away from the brain and back to the heart/lungs. Blood from superficial and cerebral veins is funneled into 4 sinuses. (superior sagittal, transverse, occipital, sigmoid) CSF interacts with the venous system, waste from CSF is picked up by the veins.

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9
Q

How many layers of cerebral cortex:

A

6

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10
Q

Brain lobes & functions

A

Frontal lobe: reasoning, planning, motor movement
Parietal lobe: sensory perception and interpretation
Occipital lobe: vision
Temporal lobe: memory, receptive language

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11
Q

Inter hemispheric connections:

A

corpus callosum is a band of fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres of the brain together.

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12
Q

Intra hemispheric connections:

A

(only looking at one hemisphere) numerous connections within the cerebral hemispheres. Ex. Superior longitudinal fasciculus, Arcuate fasciculus

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13
Q

Ischemic:

A

blockage

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14
Q

Embolic:

A

traveling up to brain

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15
Q

Thrombolic:

A

arises in brain

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16
Q

Transient:

A

temporary blockage

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17
Q

Hemorrhagic:

A

CVA bleed

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18
Q

Intra-axial:

A

inside brain (AKA intracerebral hemorrhage)

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19
Q

Extra-axial:

A

outside brain (subdural, subarachnoid ex. meninges)

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20
Q

Closed head injury:

A

skull in tact

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21
Q

Acceleration-deceleration closed head injury:

A

brain stops inside skull (ex. car accident whiplash)

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22
Q

Impact based closed head injury:

A

head makes impact with object (car accident head hits steering wheel)

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23
Q

Open head injury:

A

skull is penetrated

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24
Q

Coup injury:

A

brain hits front of skull

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25
Contrecoup injury:
brain hits back of skull
26
Be able to apply a few principles to a real life situation:
Important for SLP for swallowing, repetition of learning new sounds, stroke can damage the connections. Therapy is possible due to these principles (if no progress is seen return to principles)
27
Frontal lobe
Prefrontal cortex: planning cortex, personality, decision making, moderating social behavior Frontal eye fields: controls eye movement Broca’s Area (44 and 45) 44 (pars opercularis) involved in coordination of speech organs 45 (pars triangularis) involved in syntax and planning/programming of verbal responses Premotor cortex: selecting motor movements Supplementary motor cortex: turns plan on Motor cortex: sending signal to muscle to move
28
Parietal lobe
Primary sensory cortex: vibration, proprioception, touch Supramarginal gyrus: involved in phonological system (sound out words) damage-phonological dyslexia Angular gyrus: reading and math Somatosensory association cortex: sensation and refining motor movement for speech and writing
29
Occipital lobe
Visual cortices: Dorsal stream: the where of vision analyzes motion and spatial relationships Ventral stream: the what of vision, analyzes forms, colors, faces Diplopia: double vision Prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces
30
Temporal Lobe
Wernicke’s (22): Involved in attaching meaning to auditory information, damaged=Wernicke’s aphasia (verbal jargon and lack of understanding others speech) Inferior temporal area: processing of auditory and language information, reading facial emotions Primary auditory cortex: Heschl’s gyrus: auditory information from the ears via CN VIII and the auditory pathway Parahippocampal gyrus: associated with declarative memory (facts or personal memory) Fusiform gyrus: important in remembering and naming seen objects
31
Cingulate cortex
“Band that encircles” 23-26 30-33 sandwiched between corpus callosum and frontal and parietal lobes. Is part of the limbic system and has connections to the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus “filter/focus”
32
Insular
Programming of facial reactions. Sensorimotor refinement for speaking and writing
33
Define consciousness:
the ability to be aware of self and surroundings
34
Core consciousness:
our sense of ourselves in the here and now. Our sense of objects in the here and now. Our sense of the relationship between these objects and ourselves
35
Extended consciousness:
thinking about ourselves in the past, forecasting ourselves in the future. Depends on long-term memory. Extended consciousness depends on core consciousness.
36
Diseases:
Dementia: extended consciousness and loss of autobiographical self affected first and greatest (ex. What’d you have for breakfast?). Core consciousness will begin to be affected in the latter stages of the disease (ex. not aware of the situation). Aphasia: both core and extended consciousness are preserved in aphasia (good) Epilepsy: both core and extended consciousness are impaired during an epileptic episode
37
Neural mechanism of wakefulness
Reticular formation: a web like series of specialized nuclei in the core of the brainstem that travels through the thalamus and projects into the cortex Functions cortical arousal, cortical wakefulness, consciousness
38
Rancho Levels of Cog Function:
Tracks a person's emergence from a coma, higher number is better. Used in SNF, LTACH.
38
Glasgow Coma Scale:
15 point scale that attempts to measure a person’s level of consciousness, higher the score the better. Eyes, verbal, motor. Used in ICU, hospital, ER, SNT, LTACH, paramedics/ambulance
39
Know how AuD and SLP work with folks with disordered/altered levels of consciousness
SLP: Evaluate, then systematic application of stimulation to a person’s 5 senses (vision, hearing, smell, touch, and taste). Purpose: to speed emergence from coma. (hearing loved ones stories helps improve state) AuD: ABR Auditory Brainstem Response, measures electrical activity in auditory pathway as sound is introduced, no behavioral requirements.
40
Define Speech
: A dynamic motor process where respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation is coordinated in order to produce strings of speech sounds grouped together in words.
41
Levels of speech
Conceptual Motor & linguistic planning Motor programming Motor control circuit Direct motor pathway Indirect motor pathway Motor control circuits Final common pathway Sensory system
42
Hyperkinetic/Hypokinetic:
Indirect motor pathway damage (extrapyramidal)
43
Hyperkinetic
(increased movement) damage to the basal ganglia. Harsh voice, monopitch, loud voice level, imprecise consonants, and distorted vowels, involuntary movements experienced.
44
Huntington’s Disease
Hyperkinetic
45
Hypokinetic
(decreased movement) typically due to issues in the substantia nigra (dopamine). Breathy voice, monopitch, reduced syllable stress, variable speech rate, and imprecise consonants.
46
Parkinson's
Hypokinetic
47
Spastic/Flaccid:
Direct motor pathway damage (pyramidal)
48
Spastic
(UMN) stiff rigid muscles, harsh/strained voice, monopitch, hypernasality, slow speech rate, imprecise consonants ALS, Stroke, TBI, accident
49
Flaccid
(LMN) weak muscles, breathy voice, monopitch, hypernasality, short phrases, imprecise consonants, thick sounding Bell’s Palsy, car accident, accident in surgery
50
Ataxic
“without order” Harsh voice, monopitch, loud voice, imprecise consonants, and irregular breakdown in articulation “drunk speech” Cerebellum damage
51
UMN vs LMN profiles (spastic/flaccid)
UMN: (CNS) (PMC to brainstem) hypertonia, spastic muscles, hyperreflexia (overreactive reflexes), + Babinski sign (toes fan out instead of grasp), no atrophy, no fasciculations LMN: (PNS) (brainstem to Cranial nerves) flaccid muscles (not moving), hypotonia, hyporeflexia (decreased reflexes), no Babinski sign, marked atrophy (muscles don’t get signal), fasciculations (worm like look on muscle)
52
Apraxia
motor speech disorder, at the planning and/or programming level. Makes up 8% of motor speech disorders. Searching and groping for articulatory placement with no muscle abnormality (no facial weakness) Location of brain damage: Premotor area, SMA, cerebellum, basal ganglia, Broca’s area
53
Dysarthria
Speech that is unclear, slurred, or uncoordinated due to CNS or PNS problems affecting one or more of respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation Location of brain damage: primary motor cortex
54
Language
Language is a generative and dynamic code containing universal characteristics whereby ideas about the world are expressed through a conventional system of arbitrary symbols for communication.
55
Form
(syntax) The form of language includes: Phonology: the study of the smallest units in a language system (ex. /d/) Morphology: the study of the smallest units of meaning in a sentence (ex. dogs=dog, s) Syntax: concerned with the structure of sentences, specifically word order and sentence organization.
56
Content
(semantics: The meaning The meaning of words (dog), the meaning of words in combination (dog barks)
57
Use
The practical use of language with others. Ex. pragmatic rules- in conversation it is typical to maintain eye contact, and face each other.
58
Auditory Comprehension of Language
Cochlea to cochlear nuclear complex (CNC) CNC to Thalamus Thalamus to primary auditory cortex (PAC) PAC to Wernicke’s Wernicke’s to Broca’s (syntax)
59
Visual Comprehension of Language
Eye/Optic nerve to Thalamus Thalamus to visual cortex Dorsal stream: “where” to the parietotemporal reading system Ventral stream: “what” to the occipitotemporal reading system To Anterior reading system
60
Aphasia
An acquired multimodal disorder of language (any combination of listening, reading, speaking, writing
61
Alexia
Acquired disorder of reading
62
Agraphia
Acquired disorder of writing

CSD 401 (2 decks)

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