Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of neurology
A
The study of the nervous system; specifically the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system.
2
Q
Inflammatory diseases
A
Encephalitis, meningitis
3
Q
Systematic atrophies primarily affecting the Central Nervous System
A
Huntington’s
4
Q
Extrapyramidal and movement disorders
A
Parkinson’s
5
Q
Degenerative Diseases
A
Alzheimer’s
6
Q
Demyelinating Diseases
A
Multiple Sclerosis
7
Q
Episodic and Paroxysmal Disorders
A
headache, stroke, sleep disorders, epilepsy
8
Q
Nerve, nerve root, and plexus disorders
A
Bell’s Palsy, phantom limb
9
Q
Polyneuropathies and other disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System
A
Guillain Barre
10
Q
Diseases of the myoneural junction and muscle
A
Myasthenia Gravis
11
Q
Cerebral palsy and other paralytic conditions
A
CP, spinal cord injury
12
Q
Other disorders of the nervous system
A
anoxic events, hydrocephalus
13
Q
1940’s-1960’s
A
Burst in communication disorders due to medical advances (WW2 soldiers surviving head injuries that WW1 soldiers did not)
14
Q
1951
A
“Recovery from Aphasia” was published by Wepman
15
Q
1965
A
“Landmark paper” on disconnection syndromes was published by Geschwind (connectivism)
16
Q
1970’s-1990’s
A
Advances in brain imaging (CT/MRI)
Major growth of SLP in neurogenic communication disorders
1990 was the “decade of the brain” by President Bush to push mental health and brain research
17
Q
2000’s-present
A
Emphasis on research and evidence based practice
Reliance on clinical observation and evaluation with verification of type and location of brain injury
Development of imaging during function and other treatments
Functional MRI and Transcranial magnetic stimulation
18
Q
CT (Computed Tomography)
A
structural imaging x rays reflect off different densities to create a picture.
Relatively cheap
X Ray- small risk of causing cancer
Shows anatomy only (not physiology)
Clarity isn’t great especially for softer tissues
Doesn’t always pick up new damage
19
Q
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
A
structural imaging magnetic current flips protons in our water molecules
Super sharp images compared to CT
No cancer risk
Pretty expensive
Claustrophobia
No metals
20
Q
Angiography
A
blood vessels can be seen with injected iodine and x-ray
21
Q
Spatial:
A
functional- shows location of brain activity
PET (positron emission tomography) shows brain (or body) activity based on glucose metabolism of the brain using radioactive isotope injection.
22
Q
Temporal
A
functional: shows timing of response
EEG (electroencephalography) measures the neuronal activity through electrodes on the scalp (30 min-1 hour study)
23
Q
Structural and Functional neuroimagine
A
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
combines the advantages of MRI and PET
Shows anatomy and physiology by measuring blood oxygenation
Doesn’t require injection like PET
Not mainstream yet, used in research facilities
24
Q
Anatomical
A
palms up, arms stretched, forward facing
25
Saggital
lateral cut
26
Coronal
front and back
27
transverse
away from body's midline (horizontal cut)
28
Superior
from a high position
29
inferior
from a low position
30
anterior
toward the stomach
31
posterior
away from the stomach
32
lateral
away from midline
33
medial
towards the midline
34
proximal
point nearest the limb attached
35
distal
point farthest from the limb attached
36
central
toward the center (CNS, brain, spinal cord)
37
Peripheral
toward the outer surface (PNS, cranial and spinal nerves)
38
Ipsilateral
on the same side
39
contralateral
on opposite side
40
prone
face/ventral side is down
41
supine
face/ventral side is up (on spine)
42
adduct
bring structures together (speaking)
43
abduct
bring structures apart (breathing)
44
flexion
bending a joint
45
extension
extending a joint
46
Anatomical Approach
(where is it) Based on the gross anatomy of the nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
47
Functional approach
Based on the actions of the nervous system
Examples: voluntary actions, involuntary actions
48
Developmental approach
Based on the embryonic development of the nervous system (more specifically the brain) and the neurodevelopmental terms)
49
Dorsal Induction (3-7 weeks):
Period when the neural tube is formed (neurulation), ends of the neural tube close by 6th week, brain and spinal cord will develop out of the neural tube.
50
Encephalon (superior):
when part of the brain protrudes from the skull
51
Anencephaly (superior):
brain development ceases at the brainstem; child without cerebral hemispheres
52
Spina bifida (inferior)
cyst on the back that may or may not involve the spinal cord
53
Ventral Induction (8-12 weeks):
Neurodevelopment period when face and brain develop out of the superior end of the neural tube.
54
Ventral Induction Conditions:
Holoprosencephaly: failure of brain cleavage (split into 2)
55
Alobar form:
no cleavage at all resulting in no distinct cerebral hemispheres; no corpus callosum (missing a lobe)
56
Semi lobar form
some cleavage and development of right and left hemispheres, but incomplete; no corpus callosum
57
Lobar form
least severe; brain looks normal, but abnormal connections between hemispheres
58
Neural Proliferation (12-16 weeks)
neurogenesis = the birth of new neurons. New neurons will become the gray and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. Born out of the spinal cord and brainstem.
59
Interruptions in neural proliferation
Microcephaly: abnormally small head/brain
60
Neuronal Migration (12-20 weeks):
new neurons move in wave-like fashion to their correct position in the cerebral hemispheres. A chemical reelin signals the neurons when to stop. At about 20 weeks, the process stops and 6 layers of the cerebral cortex are established
61
Neuronal Migration Conditions
Schizencephaly: clefts in the cerebral hemispheres
Lissencephaly: smooth brain that lacks sulci and gyri
62
Cortical Organization and Synapse Formation (20 weeks to years):
once neurons arrive at the intended spot, they sprout dendrites and axons. Synaptogenesis: synapses begin to form between neurons. Synaptic pruning: eliminates unneeded connections
63
Failure of cortical organization and synapse formation...
Polymicrogyria: too many gyri in the cerebral hemispheres “many little folds”
64
Myelination (birth to years after birth):
neuronal axons are coated with myelin, peaks about one year after birth. Infants gain greater control of their bodies and begin to develop the ability to communicate verbally.
65
Failure of myelination...
Hypomyelination: reduced ability to form myelin resulting in intellectual disabilities
66
By 7 weeks...
The neural tube should be closed on both ends.
67
By 20 weeks...
By 20 weeks, process stops and 6 layers of the cerebral cortex are established. A chemical reelin signals the neurons where to stop.
68
Polarization
There is energy potential due to concentration gradient and electrical gradient
More potassium (K+) inside, more sodium (NA+) outside
(-70mV) resting membrane potential
69
Depolarization
The equaling of concentration and electrical gradients (charge is more equal) NA rushes in travels along the nodes of ranvier via passive transport. Triggers an action potential and depolarization. (ready for message signal)
70
Repolarization
Actively removing NA (pumped out). The concentration and electrical gradients are reestablished. Back to -70mV charge. (the message has been sent now ready for a new one)
71
Astrocytes (CNS):
maintain neural environment, repair/feed neurons, modulate neural transmission, modulate breathing
72
Oligodendroglia (CNS):
produce myelin
73
Microglia (CNS):
scavenge debris and defend against foreign substances
74
Schwann cells (PNS):
produce myelin
75
Satellite cells (PNS):
maintain neuronal environment
76
Connection types
Axodendritic: axon to dendrite (excitatory)
Axosomatic: axon to cell body (inhibitory)
Axoaxonic: axon to axon (regulating)
77
Projection
Multipolar (multiple connections)
Bipolar (2 connections off cell body)
Unipolar (one connection)
Axoaxonic (no axons-shorter lines)
78
Type of neuron
Sensory (connected to sensory structures in the body)
Motor (connected to body structures involved with movement like muscles)
79
Disorders of the nervous system
tumors, ALS, MS, MG, Guillain-Barre
80
Brain tumors
Benign brain tumors (non cancerous) (44%)
Malignant brain tumors (cancerous) (56%)
Primary brain tumors (only in the brain)
Metastatic brain tumors (cancer traveled from somewhere else)
81
ALS
Lou Gehrig’s disease
Withering of upper and lower motor neurons (sending and receiving signal)
90% unknown etiology, not inherited
Onset 40-60 years old
Life expectancy 3-5 years (no cure)
82
MS
“Multiple scarring” of white matter in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves.
Autoimmune disorder of unknown cause
Myelin around axon is damaged
No cure but medications can suppress symptoms
83
Myasthenia Gravis
“Grave muscle weakness” neurological disorder of the myoneural junction
ACh receptors blocked by bodies antibodies (autoimmune)
Affects women in their 30’s and men in their 50’s (no cure)
Main symptoms: weakness and fatigue
84
Guillian Barre
Rapid progressive demyelinating PNS disease, most commonly autoimmune
Progressive paralysis over one month, then patient begins to recover over weeks/months (severity varies)
85
Facts of spinal cord
17 - 18 inches
¼ - ½ inch in diameter
Divided into 5 sections (Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5), Coccygeal (1)
Protection: vertebrae, meninges, CSF
86
2 types of nerve fibers in the spinal nerves
(somatic: think body parts under voluntary control, Visceral: think organs involuntary control)
87
GSE fibers
(General Somatic Efferent): motor info to skeletal muscles
88
GSA fibers
(General Somatic Afferent): sensory info from body parts under volitional control (skin)
89
GVE fibers
(General Visceral Efferent): motor info to organs for involuntary function (smooth muscle, heart, glands)
90
GVA fibers
(General Visceral Afferent): sensory info from organs (lungs and digestive tract)
91
CN I
Olfactory
Origin = Olfactory Bulb
Function = smell
92
CN II
Optic
Origin = Thalamus
Function = vision
93
CN III
Oculomotor
Origin = Midbrain
Function = motor: moves eyes left and right, controls eyelid
Parasympathetic: pupil constrictor
94
CN IV
Trochlear
Origin = Midbrain
Function = eyeball movement
95
CN V
Trigeminal
Origin = Pons
Function = motor: chewing muscles
Sensory: touch, pain, temperature, and vibration for face, mouth, anterior ⅔ of tongue
96
CN VI
Origin = Pons
Function = rotates eyes out
97
CN VII
Facial
Origin = Pons
Function = motor: muscles of the face (expression)
Sensory: sensation near the ears
Special sensory: taste in anterior ⅔ of tongue
Parasympathetic: salivary glands
98
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear
Origin = Pons/Medulla junction
Function = hearing and balance
99
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal
Origin = Pons/Medulla junction
Function = motor: pharyngeal movement
Sensory: middle ear, pharynx, posterior ⅓ of tongue
Parasympathetic: parotoid gland (salivation)
Special sensory: taste of posterior ⅓ of tongue
100
CN X
Origin = Medulla
Function = motor: pharyngeal and laryngeal movement
Parasympathetic: heart, lungs, digestive tract
Sensory: pharynx, blood pressure
Special sensory: taste from epiglottis and pharynx
101
CN XI
Accessory
Origin = Medulla, spinal cord (junction)
Function = neck and shoulder muscles
102
CN XII
Hypoglossal
Origin = Medulla
Function = muscles of the tongue
103
Function of the cerbellum
Helps in planning, monitoring, and correction of motor movement using sensory feedback
Coordinates fine motor activity
Monitors head and body position
Participates in learning of new motor skills
104
Disorders of the cerebellum
Friederich’s ataxia: progressive and genetic, starts at 8-14, median age of death 35 years
Cerebellar agenesis: no cerebellum
Cerebellar hemispheral syndrome: one side damaged by tumor, stroke, etc.
105
Thalamus
relay station, sits above the brainstem, “gateway” to the cerebral cortex
Functions: relays sensory information (except smell), Perception of pain, temperature, and touch, imparts sense of pleasantness and noxiousness, maintains cortical arousal, attention, and sleep-wake cycle
106
Disorders of the thalamus
Thalamic Pain syndrome: hemiparesis/hemiplegia, dysesthesia (pain), slight ataxia, cognition, speech, and language intact.
Disorders of consciousness: coma, hypersomnia (too much daytime sleepiness), akinetic mutism (individuals who are awake but do not talk or move)
Thalamic Aphasia: fluent verbal output with semantic paraphasias (related but not right word), mild auditory comprehension issues, mild to normal repeating skills
107
Epithalamus
Connector of the limbic system (emotions) to forebrain and more. Includes the pineal gland which produces melatonin.
Functions: sleep-wake cycle, olfactory reflexes (salivating or gagging), modulating motor responses
108
Subthalamus
Lies below the thalamus. Connects Basal Ganglia to the motor cortex (damage can result in hemiballismus- contorted movements, caused by CVA
109
Hypothalamus
Links the nervous system to the hormonal system via the pituitary gland. Regulates (think homeostasis) ex. Metabolism, water balance, body temperature, sleep-wake cycle, food intake regulation
110
Pituitary Gland
Master gland that controls other glands and produces hormones
111
Basal Ganglia
Regulates motor movement (ex. posture, locomotion, balance, arm swinging)
Inhibits function
Coordinates motor movement
Uses dopamine
112
Parts of the basal ganglia
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Caudate nucleus
113
Parkinson's
A progressive neurological disorder also known as “shaking palsy”
Caused by the degeneration of midbrain’s substantia nigra and loss of dopamine to Basal Ganglia
Symptoms include: muscle rigidity, resting and pill-rolling tremors, weak voice, dysarthria, poor posture, dysphagia, dyskinesias
Medication to manage is L'Dopa and DBS can also be performed (surgery)
114
Huntington's
A progressive hereditary neurological disease due to degeneration of the Basal Ganglia
Average age onset is 35
Symptoms include: servere chorea, athetosis, emotional and personality changes, torticollis (twisting of neck), dysarthria, dysphagia, and dementia
