Exam 2 Flashcards
What is molecular genetics?
The science of understanding how genes on a micro level are related to real world phenotype outcomes
For example, searching for the exact genes that might contribute to a psychological disorder.
What types of studies are used to separate environmental from genetic influences?
- Twin studies
- Separated twin studies
- Adoption studies
What are descriptive norms?
A depiction of how people generally behave, with no social judgment necessarily involved for breaking them
Examples include general behavior on roads and RIT’s curriculum structure.
What are injunctive norms?
Unwritten rules for how people should or should not behave, often judged when broken
Includes prescriptive (how you should behave) and proscriptive (how you should not behave) norms.
What is a teratogen?
Anything that can harm a developing embryo or fetus
Examples include extreme heat, harmful food and beverages like alcohol, and certain viruses or bacteria.
What is the stage vs continuity debate?
The debate over which aspects of human thinking and behavior develop gradually versus in discrete stages
Early theorists like Piaget and Erikson supported distinct stages, while Vygotsky and others focused on continuous development.
What are the cognitive developmental stages in Piaget’s theory?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal Operational
What are encoding failures?
Things that never made it into long-term memories in the first place
Example: zoning out in class instead of listening.
What are retrieval failures?
Something that made it into long-term memory but struggles to be recalled into working memory
Example: studying for a test but unable to recall a specific term.
What is grammar?
The big picture system of rules that govern language
Includes semantics (literal meanings) and syntax (correct order of words).
What is universal grammar according to Noam Chomsky?
The idea that all humans have an instinctual ability to learn languages
This shared capacity shapes languages to share some principles and structures.
What is crystallized intelligence?
Our accumulated body of knowledge about things
Tends to accumulate with age and is exemplified by success on quiz shows like ‘Jeopardy’.
What is fluid intelligence?
Our ability to adapt and solve new problems
Tends to decrease with age, especially in mid to late adulthood.
Will the exam format be similar to the first one?
Yes, same exact format (45 MC, pick 1 Essay) with similar types of questions.
Are the study guide questions similar to the exam questions?
They cover the specific range of content on the test but are not an exact copy of exam questions.
What is most important in open response questions?
Demonstrated understanding, using concepts and recalling them directly helps.
What format is preferred for open response answers?
Content of the answer is more important than the format
A/B/C bullet points or paragraphs are both acceptable.
