Exam 2 Flashcards
What is probation?
Conditional release of a
convicted offender into
the community, under the
supervision of a probation
officer.
It is conditional because it
can be revoked if certain
conditions are not met.
A person who is conditionally released from prison to community supervision is referred to as a
parolee
what is the first jail?
Walnut Street in Philadelphia
what are some reasons for probation
1)Helps offenders stay in their community and helps with reintegration
2)avoids the stigma of imprisonment and institutionalization.
3) less expensive and more humanitarian
4)fair treatment of offenders whos crimes don’t merit incarnation
what are the goals of probation
1) protection of community
2) carry out court-imposed sanctions
3) Conduct a risk–needs assessment to identify the level of supervision
and the services probationers need.
4) support crime victims
5) Coordinate and promote the use of community resources that serve
the offenders’ needs. Such programs include drug and alcohol treat-
ment, job training, vocational education, ect
History of probation
John Augustus developed conditions of probation and helped offenders with employment, education and housing.
The national probation act of 1925 made probation a national institution.
What is a presentence report?
A report that assists the court in reaching a fair sentencing decision. Includes the offender’s current offense, and past adult and juvenile criminal record. family history, background, and personal data. Outlines treatment plan for offender.
What is revocation?
Formal
termination of an offender’s
conditional freedom
What about a revocation hearing?
Due process hearing that
determines whether:
Conditions of probation
have been violated before
probation can be revoked.
Offenders can be removed
from the community.
Why intermediate sanctions?
New punishment options developed to fill
the gap between traditional probation and
traditional jail or prison sentences and to
better match the severity of punishment to
the seriousness of the crime.
Provide a means for offenders who are not dangerous to repay their victims and their communities.
* Promote rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders into the community.
* Relatively less expensive.
what are fines?
Financial penalties used as
criminal sanctions.
Day fine: Financial penalty
scaled to the defendant’s
ability to pay and the
seriousness of the crime
Explain and give examples of remote location monitoring
Remote location monitoring refers to the technologies that probation and parole officers use to remotely monitor an offender’s physical location.
Probation and parole officers can track offenders with devices such as Electronic monitoring, global positioning systems (GPS), and voice verification.
The 3 main goals of remote location monitoring are incapacitating the offender by restricting them to a single location.
Forces the offender to stay home when they aren’t at work, school, counseling, or community service.
Contributes to rehabilitation by allowing the offender to remain with their family and continue employment, education, or vocational training.
What do residential reentry centers do?
Medium-security correctional setting where resident offenders
are permitted to leave regularly, unaccompanied by staff
help with community protection and reintegration into society.
What is the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974?
Before this act juveniles were permitted to be detained in adult jails which increased their likelihood of being physically, sexually, and mentally abused by the adult offenders. However, the Act of 1972 established that status offenders may not be held in secure confinement. Juveniles should not be held in facilities where adults are confined. If juveniles are temporarily detained in adult facilities they must have no contact with adult inmates.
States must demonstrate efforts to reduce the number of minors
who encounter the juvenile justice system.
What are the 7 conditions of parole
After offenders are released from prison they must report to their parole officer within one day of release or risk incaration. They must also maintain employment, training, or treatment.
Are restricted from using any drugs.
and cannot own any firearms or weapons
and
cannot maintain contact with any prisoners or felons.
Offenders are restricted from traveling outside the state and must obtain a permit before doing so.
Similarly, if offenders wish to change their residence they must obtain permission.
Women offenders
The number of women incarcerated has increased to 113,400 in the past 30 years. Some of the characteristics of women incarcerated are poor, high school dropouts, low set of skills, low-wage jobs, unmarried with 1-3 kids, and being a minority. Having a pathway perspective allows jails to respond and understand why women entered the system. and are addicted to substances.
A few theories exist that explain why women are incarcerated. The relational theory describes how different women develop than men, as they offend bc of their relations to others.
The trauma theory identifies violence such as physical and sexual abuse that they experienced and haven’t resolved.
Addiction theory: which seeks to treat substance abuse with additional pathways.
what is parole?
The conditional release of a prisoner prior to completion of his or her imposed sentence under the supervision of a supervision officer.
What are first-generation jails
Jail with multiple-occupancy cells or dormitories that line corridors arranged like spokes.
Inmate supervision is intermittent; staff must
patrol the corridors to observe inmates in
their cells.
what are second-generation jails?
Staff remain in a secure control booth surrounded by pods.
* Pods: Inmate housing areas.
Surveillance is remote.
Verbal interaction between staff and inmates is less frequent
than in first-generation jails.
What are third-generation jails?
direct-supervision jails.
Inmates are housed in small groups.
* Staffed 24 hours a day by specially trained officers.
Officers interact with inmates to help change
behavior.
* Inmate management style is direct
supervision.
* Bars and metal doors are absent.
What is jail?
They are locally operated correctional facilities that confine
people before or after conviction
what is the ADP: or Average daily population?
Sum of the number of
inmates in a jail or prison each day for a year, divided by the
total number of days in the year.
What is the purpose of jail
receive persons awaiting court action on their current charge;
* readmit probation and parole violators and bail-bond absconders;
* detain juveniles until custody is
transferred to juvenile authorities;
* hold persons with mental illness until
they are moved to the appropriate health
facilities;
* hold individuals for the military;
* provide protective custody;
* confine persons found in contempt;
* hold witnesses for the courts;
* hold inmates about to be released
after completing a prison sentence;
* transfer inmates to federal, state,or other authorities
Hold inmates sentenced to short terms.
what is freedom of religion?
a fundamental human right that protects individuals’ ability to choose, practice, and express their religion or belief (or lack thereof) without coercion or discrimination.
court case wallace vs jaffree 1985: A state law authorizing a one-minute period of silence in public schools for meditation or voluntary prayer violated the Establishment Clause.
What is the Fourth Amendment?
The constitution states people have rights against unreasonable search and seizure, including houses, and papers. Warrants are only issued upon probable cause
what is the eighth amendment
Excessive bail, excessive fines , or cruel and unusual punishment
what is the fourteenth amendment
No state shall make or enforce any law that violates the privilege
* No state shall deprive persons of liberty or property without due process, and
equal protection of the laws
Henery theriault case
In 1977, a federal court ruled in Theriault v. Carlson that the First Amendment does not protect so-called religions that are obvious shams, that tend to mock established institutions, and whose members lack religious sincerity.
techniques of assessment
interviews, intelligence tests, and personality test
