Exam 2 Flashcards
what is the effect of submerging cells in a hypertonic solution?
Water will move to the outside= cell will shrink
What is the effect of submerging cells in a hypotonic solution?
water will move to the inside = cell will burst
what are the properties of the sodium potassium(how many ions move and in what direction when hydrolyzing in ATP)
powered by ATP
Pump move, sodium and potassium in opposite directions each against its concentration gradient
three sodium ions exit, two potassium ions imported into cell
how do large molecules enter and exit cells
Exocytosis (exit)
Endocytosis (enter)
How does oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the plasma membrane?
Simple diffusion
what are integral protein?
Have hydrophobic region of amino acids that penetrate critical roles in movement
Crosses entire phospholipid bilayer
how does glucose move across the plasma membrane?
Facilitated diffusion
what transport proteins work by passive mechanism
high to low
Diffusion , facilitated diffusion, osmosis
What transport proteins work by active mechanism?
Low to high
Uses ATP (energy)
what factors affect the rate of diffusion?(ficks law)
permeability, surface area, distance, concentration, gradient, and molecular weight
what are the properties of osmosis? Is it active or passive?
Passive
Water diffusers high concentration to low until equal on both sides
what are the properties of facilitated diffusion? Is it active or passive?
Passive
Membrane allows molecules, and ions to pass through
High concentration to low concentration
Move to or more salutes in the same direction (N.a.+ and glucose)
symports
The type of receptors that function as enzymes
receptor tyrosine kinase
Receptor acetylcholine esterase
What is the difference between hydrophobic messengers and hydrophilic messengers?
hydrophilic messengers work with extracellular receptors
Hydrophobic messengers work with intracellular receptors
1 finding of the extracellular Messenger to receptor activates G protein
2 converts adenylyl cyclase
3 cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A
4 phosphorlates, particular protein
5 phosphorylation, induces protein to change shape and function
6 brings about cellular response
The steps of the G protein, coupled receptor
The different part of the neuron and the function of each part
Cell body-nucleus
Axon -send messages from cell
dendrites- receptive site for electrical signal
sodium ions flow through VGSC causing membrane to depolarize
The role of sodium ions in action potential
once membrane reaches +30mV, VGSC inactivate blocking sodium, VGKC open causing potassium ions to flow out and polarize membrane.
The role of potassium ions in the action potential
membrane pours that open and close
When open allow potassium pass-through
The properties of the potassium leak channels
What membrane protein does the resting membrane potential depend on?
potassium leak channels
Sodium potassium pump
triggered to open at threshold potential (closed at resting potential -70mV to +30mV) open +30mV to -80mV
voltage gated sodium channels
junction between nerve and muscle cells and can generate a response
summation
rapid transmission of nerve impulses along axon,
action potentials from one note of ranveir to the next, speeding up signal
saltatory conductance
