EXAM 2 Flashcards
Encephalitis
inflammation (swelling) of the brain, often caused by a viral infection, but can also be caused by bacterial infections, autoimmune reactions, or other factors, potentially leading to serious neurological problems. EEE kills around 50% of infected people, all ages. WEE and SLE around 10%, mostly elderly. LACE around 2%, but mostly children. Even w/o death, high morbidity, often permanent brain damage
Aedes mosquitoes transmit
dengue, yellow fever, Zika, LaCrosse encephalitis
Anopheles mosquitoes transmit
malaria (Plasmodium spp.)
Lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) transmit
typus (Rickettsia prowazekii)
Fleas (Siphonaptera) transmit
plague (Yersinia pestis)
Tsetse (Glossinidae) transmit
African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei)
Reduviidae (Assassin bugs) transmit
Chagas (Trypanosoma cruzi)
Vector borne bacterial disease vectors and pathogens
Fleas. Plague (Yersinia pestis). Murine Typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
Plague
AKA “Black Death”, Bubonic Plague, la peste. Pathogen: Yersinia pestis. Vector: Fleas; Siphonaptera, esp. Xenopsylla cheopis. Reservoir: Rodents and Humans
Vectors insects
flies, fleas, bugs, lice. Arachnids: mites (ticks)
Four historic plagues
Justinian (ca 575 A.D.) Black Death (ca 1340-1353 A.D.). Renaissance (ca. 1660-1666 A.D.). Fourth Pandemic: China (ca. 1855-1890)
Effects of the Plague on European History
Decreased population 30-50% Concentrated wealth—emergent merchant class. Disturbed faith in institutions (the Catholic Church and monarchy) .May have selected for CCR5—confers resistance to HIV
Vector-borne worm diseases of people
Human filariasis: pathogens: brugia malayi. Wuchereria bancrofti. Vectors: clulicade (mosquitoes). Reservoirs: humans. Onchocerciasis: pathogen: onchocerca volvulus. Vector: simuliidae (blackfly). Reservoirs: humans.
Bacterial disease
typhus, plague, Lyme
Protozoal disease
malaria, Chagas, African sleeping sickness
–emia
Must have pathogen.Pathogen must get high enough in blood to infect vector (-emia).
where body lice live
clothing
what the chronic state of typhus is called
brill-zinsser disease
Onchocerciasis, river blindness
found in west africa, guatemala, venezuela. Transmitted by simuliidae (blackflies). Humans are only host.
Lyme disease in people
Acute (3-30 days): remitting fevers, aches, headache, fatigue, bulls-eye rash, swollen lymph nodes. If untreated (months): arthritis, more rashes, facial palsy, swollen joints, heart problems, nerve pain, memory loss.
Major insect blood sucking orders
Hemimetabolous: phthiraptera: lice, hemiptera: true bugs. Holometabolous: siphonaptera: fleas. Diptera: files
West nile fever pathology
neuroinvasive disease: Many inapparent infections (no signs of disease). High fever, headache, sometimes paralysis, brain damage, permanent vegetative state. Death in around 4% of cases
Venoms
complex “cocktail” of molecules. Can be used to subdue prey. Can be used for defense. Can be multipurpose- signaling, defense, prey capture- and may have various applications
Natural nidality
is an environment that allows infection and disease, hematophagy or other feeding and vector competence to come together. Otherwise known as the triad created by Nikolai Pavlovsky in 1966
Powassan virus epidemiology
rare but potentially serious tick-borne disease, found in the northeastern and great lakes regions of US particularly during late spring, summer and early fall.
3 genera of mosquitoes
anopheles: know by long palps, rest not parallel to surface. Culex: know by short palps, rest parallel, know by blunt, not sharp abdomen. Aedes: know by short palps, rest parallel, know by sharp abdomen.
which pathogens are in the Apicomplexa:
malaria (Plasmodium species), babesiosis (Babesia sp.), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), neosporosis (Neospora sp.), and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum)
Worms
hookworm, tapeworm, schistosomiasis (bilharzia), onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Haller’s organ
a unique, chemosensory structure found on the first pair of legs (foretarsus) of ticks, acting as a sensory organ for detecting odors, carbon dioxide, and potentially heat
Protozoa
malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, amebiasis, african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
Bacteria
strep throat, tuberculosis, salmonella, E. Coli, UTI, gonorrhea
Viruses
common cold, flu, covid, hepatitis, measles, chicken pox
